Ch. 14 The Autonomic Nervous System
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- All of the following characterize the ANS except a. a two-neuron efferent chain, b. presence of neuron cell bodies in the CNS, c. presence of neuron cell bodies in the ganglia, d. innervation of skeletal muscles.
Problem 1
- Relate each of the following terms or phrases to either the sympathetic (S) or parasympathetic (P) division of the autonomic nervous system: ______ (1) short preganglionic, long postganglionic fibers ______ (2) intramural ganglia ______ (3) craniosacral part ______ (4) adrenergic fibers ______ (5) cervical ganglia ______ (6) otic and ciliary ganglia
Problem 2
- Relate each of the following terms or phrases to either the sympathetic (S) or parasympathetic (P) division of the autonomic nervous system: ______ (7) generally short-duration action ______ (8) increases heart rate and blood pressure ______ (9) increases gastric motility and secretion of lacrimal, salivary, and digestive juices ______ (10) innervates blood vessels ______ (11) most active when you are relaxing in a hammock ______ (12) active when you are running in the Boston Marathon
Problem 2
- The white rami communicantes contain what kind of fibers? a. preganglionic parasympathetic, b. postganglionic parasympathetic, c. preganglionic sympathetic, d. postganglionic sympathetic.
Problem 3
- Collateral sympathetic ganglia are involved with innervating a. abdominal organs, b. thoracic organs, c. head, d. arrector pili, e. all of these.
Problem 4
- The parasympathetic nervous system influences digestion by a. relaxing smooth muscle, b. stimulating peristalsis and secretory activity, c. constricting sphincters, d. none of these.
Problem 5
- Neuropeptides that act as natural opiates include a. substance P, b. somatostatin and cholecystokinin, c. tachykinins, d. enkephalins.
Problem 6
- Where are the cell bodies of visceral sensory neurons?
Problem 6
- Briefly explain why the following terms are sometimes used to refer to the autonomic nervous system: involuntary nervous system and emotional-visceral system.
Problem 7
- Describe the anatomical relationship of the white and gray rami communicantes to the spinal nerve, and indicate the kind of fibers found in each ramus type.
Problem 8
- Indicate the results of sympathetic activation of the following structures: sweat glands, eye pupils, adrenal medullae, heart, bronchioles of the lungs, liver, blood vessels of vigorously working skeletal muscles, blood vessels of digestive viscera, salivary glands.
Problem 9
- Which of the effects listed in response to question 9 would be reversed by parasympathetic activity?
Problem 10
- Describe the meaning and importance of sympathetic tone and parasympathetic tone.
Problem 11
- Tiffany, a 21-year-old college student, is having trouble sleeping, cries frequently, and has recurrent thoughts of suicide. An antidepressant is prescribed. Like many such drugs, this antidepressant has anticholinergic side effects. What side effects might Tiffany experience in the first week of treatment?
Problem 13
- As the aroma of freshly brewed coffee drifted by dozing Henry's nose, his mouth started to water and his stomach began to rumble. Explain his reactions in terms of ANS activity.
Problem 14
- Mr. Johnson suffers from urinary retention and a hypoactive urinary bladder. Bethanechol, a drug that mimics acetylcholine's autonomic effects, is prescribed to manage his problem. First explain the rationale for prescribing bethanechol, and then predict which of the following adverse effects Mr. Johnson might experience while taking this drug (select all that apply): dizziness, low blood pressure, deficient tear formation, wheezing, increased mucus production in bronchi, deficient salivation, diarrhea, cramping, excessive sweating, undesirable erection of penis.
Problem 15
- Describe the neural mechanisms responsible for controlling blood pressure.
Problem 15
- A 32-year-old woman complains of intermittent aching pains in the medial two fingers of both hands. During such episodes, the fingers become blanched and then blue. Her history is taken, and it is noted that she is a heavy smoker. The physician advises her that she must stop smoking and states that she will not prescribe any medication until the patient has discontinued smoking for a month. What is this patient's condition, and why was she told to stop smoking?
Problem 16
- Since at any moment a neuron is likely to have thousands of neurons releasing neurotransmitters at its surface, how is neuronal activity (to fire or not to fire) determined?
Problem 20
- A reflex that causes reciprocal activation of the antagonist muscle is the a. crossed-extensor, b. flexor, c. tendon, d. muscle stretch.
Problem 20
- Mrs. Jones has had a progressive decline in her mental capabilities in the last five or six years. At first her family attributed her occasional memory lapses, confusion, and agitation to grief over her husband's death six years earlier. When examined, Mrs. Jones was aware of her cognitive problems and was shown to have an IQ score approximately 30 points less than would be predicted by her work history. A CT scan showed diffuse cerebral atrophy. The physician prescribed an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and Mrs. Jones showed slight improvement. What is Mrs. Jones's problem? Why did the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor help?
Problem 21
- Explain both the anatomical and functional divisions of the nervous system. Include the subdivisions of each.
Problem 23
- In the Netherlands a young man named Jan was admitted to the emergency room. He and his friends had been to a rave. His friends say he started twitching and having muscle spasms which progressed until he was 'stiff as a board.' On examination, staff found a marked increase in muscle tone and hyperreflexia involving facial and limb muscles. In his pocket, he had unmarked dark yellow tablets with dark flecks. Analysis of the tablets showed them to contain a mixture of ecstasy and strychnine. Ecstasy would not cause this clinical picture, but strychnine, which blocks glycine receptors, could. Explain how.
Problem 26
- Tara, a 16-year-old girl, was rushed to the hospital after taking a bad spill off the parallel bars. After she had a complete neurological workup, her family was told that she would be permanently paralyzed from the waist down. During rehabilitation, her neurologist outlined for Tara and her parents the importance of preventing complications in such cases. Common complications include urinary infection, bed sores, and muscular spasms. Using your knowledge of neuroanatomy, explain the underlying reasons for these complications.
Problem 30
