Textbook Question
Briefly explain why the following terms are sometimes used to refer to the autonomic nervous system: involuntary nervous system and emotional-visceral system.
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Ch. 14 The Autonomic Nervous System
Chapter 13, Problem 10
Which of the effects listed in response to question 9 would be reversed by parasympathetic activity?
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Identify the effects listed in response to question 9 that are typically associated with sympathetic activity.
Understand that parasympathetic activity generally counteracts or reverses the effects of sympathetic activity.
List common effects of sympathetic activity such as increased heart rate, dilated pupils, and inhibited digestion.
Recognize that parasympathetic activity would reverse these effects by decreasing heart rate, constricting pupils, and stimulating digestion.
Match the effects from question 9 with the typical parasympathetic responses to determine which would be reversed.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Parasympathetic Nervous System
The parasympathetic nervous system is a component of the autonomic nervous system responsible for promoting 'rest and digest' functions. It counteracts the effects of the sympathetic nervous system, which prepares the body for 'fight or flight' responses. Activation of the parasympathetic system leads to decreased heart rate, increased digestive activity, and relaxation of muscles.
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Function of the Parasympathetic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates involuntary physiological functions, including heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion. It consists of two main branches: the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Understanding the balance between these systems is crucial for identifying how various physiological effects can be reversed or altered by parasympathetic activity.
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Physiological Effects of Sympathetic Activity
Sympathetic activity triggers a range of physiological responses that prepare the body for immediate action, such as increased heart rate, dilated pupils, and inhibited digestion. These effects are often referred to as the 'fight or flight' response. Recognizing these effects is essential for understanding which of them can be reversed by the calming influence of parasympathetic activity.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
Describe the anatomical relationship of the white and gray rami communicantes to the spinal nerve, and indicate the kind of fibers found in each ramus type.
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Textbook Question
Indicate the results of sympathetic activation of the following structures: sweat glands, eye pupils, adrenal medullae, heart, bronchioles of the lungs, liver, blood vessels of vigorously working skeletal muscles, blood vessels of digestive viscera, salivary glands.
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Textbook Question
Describe the meaning and importance of sympathetic tone and parasympathetic tone.
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Textbook Question
Tiffany, a 21-year-old college student, is having trouble sleeping, cries frequently, and has recurrent thoughts of suicide. An antidepressant is prescribed. Like many such drugs, this antidepressant has anticholinergic side effects. What side effects might Tiffany experience in the first week of treatment?
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Textbook Question
As the aroma of freshly brewed coffee drifted by dozing Henry's nose, his mouth started to water and his stomach began to rumble. Explain his reactions in terms of ANS activity.
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