The parasympathetic nervous system influences digestion by a. relaxing smooth muscle, b. stimulating peristalsis and secretory activity, c. constricting sphincters, d. none of these.

Verified step by step guidance

1. Identify the primary functions of the parasympathetic nervous system, which is part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for 'rest and digest' activities.
2. Understand the role of the parasympathetic nervous system in digestion, which includes promoting processes that conserve and restore energy.
3. Analyze how relaxing smooth muscle in the digestive tract can affect digestion, considering that relaxation can facilitate the movement of food.
4. Consider the effect of stimulating peristalsis, which is the rhythmic contraction of smooth muscles to propel contents through the digestive tract, and how increasing secretory activity aids in digestion by releasing necessary enzymes and fluids.
5. Evaluate the role of sphincter constriction in digestion, which controls the passage of digested material from one section of the digestive system to another and prevents backflow.

Key Concepts

Parasympathetic Nervous System

The parasympathetic nervous system is a component of the autonomic nervous system responsible for promoting 'rest and digest' functions. It counteracts the 'fight or flight' response of the sympathetic nervous system, facilitating bodily functions such as digestion, energy conservation, and relaxation.

Peristalsis

Peristalsis is the coordinated, rhythmic contraction of smooth muscles in the gastrointestinal tract that propels food through the digestive system. This process is essential for moving food from the esophagus to the stomach and through the intestines, and it is primarily stimulated by the parasympathetic nervous system.

Smooth Muscle Relaxation

Smooth muscle relaxation is a process where the tension in smooth muscle fibers decreases, allowing for the expansion of hollow organs like the intestines. The parasympathetic nervous system promotes this relaxation, which aids in digestion by allowing food to pass more easily through the digestive tract.