Ch. 21 The Immune System: Innate and Adaptive Body Defenses
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Problem 1
All of the following are considered innate body defenses except a. complement, b. phagocytosis, c. antibodies, d. lysozyme, e. inflammation.Problem 2
The process by which neutrophils squeeze through capillary walls in response to inflammatory signals is called a. diapedesis, b. chemotaxis, c. margination, d. opsonization.Problem 3
Antibodies released by plasma cells are involved in a. humoral immunity, b. immediate hypersensitivity reactions, c. autoimmune disorders, d. all of the above.Problem 4
Which antibody class is abundant in body secretions? a. IgA, b. IgD, c. IgE, d. IgG, e. IgM.Problem 5
Small molecules that must combine with large proteins to become immunogenic are called a. complete antigens, b. kinins, c. antigenic determinants, d. haptens.Problem 6
Lymphocytes that develop immunocompetence in the bone marrow are a. T lymphocytes, b. B lymphocytes, c. NK cells, d. B and T lymphocytes.Problem 7
Cells that can directly attack target cells include all of the following except a. macrophages, b. cytotoxic T cells, c. helper T cells, d. natural killer cells.Problem 8
Which of the following is not involved in the activation of a B cell? a. antigen, b. helper T cell, c. cytokine, d. cytotoxic T cell.Problem 9
Complement activation promotes all of the following except a. cell lysis, b. inflammation, c. opsonization, d. interferon release, e. chemotaxis of neutrophils and other cells.Problem 12
a. What is a transfusion reaction and why does it happen? b. What are its possible consequences?Problem 12
Name the five antibody classes and describe where each is most likely to be found in the body.Problem 13
Besides acting as mechanical barriers, the skin epidermis and mucosae of the body have other attributes that contribute to their protective roles. Cite the common body locations and the importance of mucus, lysozyme, keratin, acid pH, and cilia.Problem 14
What is complement? How does it cause bacterial lysis? What are some of the other roles of complement?Problem 15
Interferons are referred to as antiviral proteins. What stimulates their production, and how do they protect uninfected cells? Which cells of the body secrete interferons?Problem 16
Define immunocompetence and self-tolerance. How is self-tolerance achieved?Problem 17
Differentiate between a primary and a secondary immune response. Which is more rapid and why?Problem 18
Define antibody. Using an appropriately labeled diagram, describe the structure of an antibody monomer. Indicate and label variable and constant regions, heavy and light chains.Problem 19
How do antibodies help defend the body?Problem 20
Describe the specific roles of helper, regulatory, and cytotoxic T cells in normal cellular immunity.Problem 21
Name several cytokines and describe their role in the immune response.Problem 23
Differentiate between humoral and cellular adaptive immunity.Problem 24
Although the adaptive immune system has two arms, it has been said, 'no T cells, no immunity.' Explain.Problem 26
Capillary permeability increases and plasma proteins leak into the interstitial fluid as part of the inflammatory process. Why is this desirable?
