Interferons are referred to as antiviral proteins. What stimulates their production, and how do they protect uninfected cells? Which cells of the body secrete interferons?

Verified step by step guidance

1. Interferons are a group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of several viruses.
2. The production of interferons is stimulated by the detection of viral components, such as viral RNA or DNA, by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in the host cells.
3. Once produced, interferons bind to receptors on neighboring uninfected cells, triggering a signaling cascade that leads to the expression of antiviral genes.
4. These antiviral genes help protect uninfected cells by inhibiting viral replication and activating immune cells, such as natural killer cells and macrophages, to destroy infected cells.
5. Interferons are secreted by various cells, including leukocytes (white blood cells), fibroblasts, and T-cells, depending on the type of interferon (e.g., Type I, Type II, or Type III).

Key Concepts

Interferons

Interferons are a group of signaling proteins produced by host cells in response to viral infections. They play a crucial role in the immune response by enhancing the ability of neighboring cells to resist viral replication. Interferons can also activate immune cells, such as natural killer cells and macrophages, which help eliminate infected cells.

Stimuli for Interferon Production

The production of interferons is primarily stimulated by the presence of viral pathogens, particularly double-stranded RNA, which is often produced during viral replication. Other stimuli include certain cytokines and the recognition of viral components by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on host cells. This recognition triggers signaling pathways that lead to the synthesis and release of interferons.

Cells that Secrete Interferons

Various cells in the body can secrete interferons, with the most notable being virus-infected cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells such as lymphocytes and macrophages. These cells respond to viral infections by producing interferons, which then act on nearby uninfected cells to induce an antiviral state, thereby limiting the spread of the virus.