Which of the following correctly describes the functions of the endocrine system?

a. Transport of blood through the body and through the lungs

b. Regulation of body functions through hormone secretion

c. Regulation of body functions through nerve impulses

d. Immunity and returning extra tissue fluid to the blood vessels

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

a. The cells of the nervous system communicate via action potentials, whereas the cells of the endocrine system communicate via hormones.

Fill in the blanks: A rise in free T3 and T4 would be expected to produce a(n)______ in TRH and TSH secretion. A decrease in free T3 and T4 would be expected to produce a(n)_____in TRH and TSH secretion.

Predict the effects of a pancreatic tumor that secretes insulin. How would the effects change if the tumor secreted glucagon instead?

Ms. Reczkiewicz has her thyroid gland removed to treat hyperthyroidism. Her condition is stable after surgery, but one day later she develops symptoms of severe hypocalcemia. What has happened? How would you correct this problem?

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

b. Autocrine signals affect the same cells that secrete them.

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

c. The pancreas, thyroid gland, and parathyroid glands secrete neurohormones.c

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

d. Steroid hormones are hydrophilic molecules that bind to plasma membrane proteins as part of a second-messenger system.

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

e. The secretion of most hormones is regulated by a negative feedback system.

Which of the following statements correctly describes the role of parathyroid hormone?

a. Parathyroid hormone regulates the metabolic rate.

b. Parathyroid hormone increases the blood calcium ion concentration.

c. Parathyroid hormone decreases the blood sodium ion concentration.

d. Parathyroid hormone causes water retention by the kidneys.

Fill in the blanks: The outer part of the adrenal gland is the______, which secretes______. The inner part of the adrenal gland is the_____ , which secretes _______.

Which of the following is not an effect of aldosterone?

a. Increased excretion of hydrogen ions from the fluid in the kidneys

b. Increased retention of sodium ions from the fluid in the kidneys

c. Increased retention of potassium ions from the fluid in the kidneys

d. Increased retention of water from the fluid in the kidneys

Cortisol is:

a. a potent inhibitor of the inflammatory response.

b. an important part of the stress response.

c. Both a and b are correct.

d. Neither a nor b is correct.

Describe the components of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis, and explain how it regulates secretion from the adrenal gland.

Which of the following hormones is not an integral part of the stress response?

a. Epinephrine

b. Cortisol

c. Insulin

d. Glucagon

Which of the following statements about the adrenal medulla is false?

a. Secretion from the adrenal medulla is triggered by ACTH and the sympathetic nervous system.

b. The adrenal medulla consists of glandular epithelial cells.

c. The adrenal medulla is a modified postsynaptic sympathetic ganglion.

d. The products of the adrenal medulla prolong the effects of the sympathetic response.

Explain how insulin and glucagon are antagonists.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterized by______ , and type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by_____.

a. hypoglycemia; destruction of the pancreatic β cells

b. destruction of the pancreatic β cells; destruction of the pancreatic α cells

c. insulin resistance; destruction of the pancreatic β cells

d. destruction of the pancreatic β cells; insulin resistance

Which of the following is not a potential effect that a hormone could have on its target cell?

a. Activating genes in the DNA

b. Stimulating cellular division

c. Altering the permeability of the plasma membrane

d. All of the above are potential effects of a hormone on its target cell.

Match the following hormones with their correct descriptions.      

_____Leptin      

_____Atrial natriuretic peptide      

_____Melatonin      

_____Estrogens      

_____Erythropoietin      

_____Testosterone

a. Produced by the pineal gland; regulates the sleep/wake cycle

b. Produced by the kidneys; regulates red blood cell production

c. Produced by the heart; promotes sodium ion loss in the kidneys and vasodilation

d. Produced by the testes; promotes androgenic and anabolic actions

e. Produced by adipose tissue; promotes satiety

f. Produced by the ovaries; regulate the menstrual cycle and the development of secondary sex characteristics

Females with hormone-secreting tumors of the adrenal cortex occasionally develop male secondary sex characteristics. Explain why this may happen.

A new diet guru claims hypersecretion of cortisol is the reason why so many people are obese. He is marketing a dietary supplement that is supposedly able to block cortisol secretion and lead to weight loss. How would cortisol hypersecretion cause weight gain? Would blocking normal cortisol secretion lead to weight loss? Why or why not?

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

a. Both ADH and aldosterone increase the amount of water in the body and decrease the solute concentration of the blood.

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

b. Thyroid hormones and insulin maintain blood glucose concentration during fasting.

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

d. Insulin secretion rises during feeding; growth hormone and glucagon are secreted during feeding if protein is present in the meal.

Which of the following hormones is/are produced by the posterior pituitary?

a. Antidiuretic hormone

b. Oxytocin

c. Both a and b

d. Neither a nor b

A patient has a brain tumor that necessitates removal of his pituitary gland. Will its removal affect production of ADH and oxytocin? Explain.

Let's say that the dietary supplement in question 2 actually works and successfully blocks cortisol secretion. Could this drug potentially be harmful? Predict its effects on overall homeostasis.

How does ADH affect the amount of water in the body, and how does it accomplish this? How does this affect the osmolarity of the blood?

Mr. Montez is a patient with type I diabetes mellitus. He presents with dizziness, rapid breathing, confusion, and weakness. You find out that he forgot to inject his normal dose of insulin this morning. Will his blood glucose concentration be normal? Explain. Your colleague suggests that Mr. Montez needs to ingest some sugar. Is this going to help him? Why or why not?