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Problem 15.7a
A drug that binds to mannose on human cells would prevent
a. the entrance of Vibrio enterotoxin.
b. the attachment of pathogenic E. coli.
c. the action of botulinum toxin.
d. streptococcal pneumonia.
e. the action of diphtheria toxin.
Problem 15.8a
The earliest smallpox vaccines were infected tissue rubbed into the skin of a healthy
person. The recipient of such a vaccine usually developed a mild case of smallpox, recovered, and was immune thereafter. What is the most likely reason this vaccine did not kill more people?
a. Skin is the wrong portal of entry for smallpox.
b. The vaccine consisted of a mild form of the virus.
c. Smallpox is normally transmitted by skin-to-skin contact.
d. Smallpox is a virus.
e. The virus mutated.
Problem 16.1a
Identify at least one physical factor and one chemical factor that prevent microbes from entering the body through each of the following:
a. urinary system
b. genital system
Problem 16.10a
NAME IT These agranulocytes are not phagocytic until they wander out of the blood.
Problem 16.1a
Legionella uses C3b receptors to enter monocytes. This
a. prevents phagocytosis.
b. degrades complement.
c. inactivates complement.
d. prevents inflammation.
e. prevents cytolysis.
Problem 16.10a
Which of the following does not stimulate phagocytes?
a. cytokines
b. IFN-y
c. C3b
d. lipid A
e. histamine
Problem 16.2a
Define inflammation, and list its characteristics.
Problem 16.2a
Chlamydia can prevent the formation of phagolysosomes and therefore can
a. avoid being phagocytized.
b. avoid destruction by complement.
c. prevent adherence.
d. avoid being digested.
e. none of the above
Problem 16.3a
What are interferons? Discuss their roles in innate immunity.
Problem 16.3a
If the following are placed in the order of occurrence, which would be the third step?
a. diapedesis
b. digestion
c. formation of a phagosome
d. formation of a phagolysosome
e. margination
Problem 16.4a
How can the complement system cause endotoxic shock?
Problem 16.4a
If the following are placed in the order of occurrence, which would be the third step?
a. activation of C5 through C9
b. cell lysis
c. antigen–antibody reaction
d. activation of C3
e. activation of C2 through C4
Problem 16.5a
Patients with X-linked chronic granulomatous disease are susceptible to infections because their neutrophils don’t generate an oxidative burst. What is the relation of the oxidative burst to infection?
Problem 16.6a
Why does hemolysis of red blood cells occur when a person receives a transfusion of the wrong type of blood?
Problem 16.6a
A decrease in the production of C3 would result in
a. increased susceptibility to infection.
b. increased numbers of white blood cells.
c. increased phagocytosis.
d. activation of C5 through C9.
e. none of the above
Problem 16.7a
Give several examples of how microbes evade the complement system.
Problem 16.7a
In 1884, Elie Metchnikoff observed cells collected around a splinter inserted in a sea star embryo. This was the discovery of
a. blood cells.
b. sea stars.
c. phagocytosis.
d. immunity.
e. none of the above
Problem 16.8a
DRAW IT Label on the figure the following processes that result in phagocytosis: margination, diapedesis, adherence, and phagolysosome formation.
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Problem 16.8a
Helicobacter pylori uses the enzyme urease to counteract a chemical defense in the human organ in which it lives. This chemical defense is
a. lysozyme.
b. hydrochloric acid.
c. superoxide radicals.
d. sebum.
e. complement.
Problem 16.9a
Are the following involved in innate or in adaptive immunity? Identify the role of each in immunity:
a. TLRs
b. transferrins
c. antimicrobial peptides
Problem 16.9a
Which of the following statements about IFN- is false?
a. It interferes with viral replication.
b. It is host-cell–specific.
c. It is released by fibroblasts.
d. It is virus-specific.
e. It is released by lymphocytes.
Problem 17.9a
How can a human make 100 billion different antibodies with only 25,000 different genes?
Problem 18.1a
Classify the following vaccines by type. Which could cause the disease it is supposed to prevent?
a. attenuated measles virus
b. dead Rickettsia prowazekii
c. Vibrio cholerae toxoid
d. hepatitis B antigen produced in yeast cells
e. purified polysaccharides from Streptococcus pyogenes
f. H. influenzae polysaccharide bound to diphtheria toxoid
g. a plasmid containing genes for influenza A protein
Problem 19.2a
In the laboratory, blood is typed by looking for hemagglutination. For example, anti-A antibodies and type A RBCs clump. In a type A person, anti-A antibodies will cause hemolysis. Why?
