Define inflammation, and list its characteristics.

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1. Inflammation is a biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants.
2. The primary purpose of inflammation is to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury, clear out necrotic cells and tissues, and establish a repair process.
3. The characteristics of inflammation can be remembered by the classic signs: redness (rubor), heat (calor), swelling (tumor), pain (dolor), and loss of function (functio laesa).
4. Redness and heat are due to increased blood flow to the affected area, which is a result of the dilation of small blood vessels within the damaged tissue.
5. Swelling is caused by an accumulation of fluid, pain results from the release of chemicals that stimulate nerve endings, and loss of function can occur due to the pain and swelling.

Key Concepts

Inflammation

Inflammation is a biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. It serves as a protective mechanism aimed at eliminating the initial cause of cell injury, clearing out necrotic cells, and initiating tissue repair. Inflammation can be acute, occurring rapidly and lasting a short time, or chronic, persisting for longer periods and potentially leading to various diseases.

Characteristics of Inflammation

The classic characteristics of inflammation include redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function. Redness and heat result from increased blood flow to the affected area, while swelling is due to the accumulation of fluid and immune cells. Pain arises from the release of chemicals that stimulate nerve endings, and loss of function can occur as a protective response to prevent further injury.

Role of Immune Cells in Inflammation

Immune cells play a crucial role in the inflammatory response. Key players include neutrophils, which are among the first responders to sites of infection or injury, and macrophages, which help clear debris and orchestrate the healing process. These cells release signaling molecules called cytokines that mediate and regulate inflammation, influencing the behavior of other immune cells and promoting tissue repair.