A drug that binds to mannose on human cells would prevent
a. the entrance of Vibrio enterotoxin.
b. the attachment of pathogenic E. coli.
c. the action of botulinum toxin.
d. streptococcal pneumonia.
e. the action of diphtheria toxin.

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand that mannose is a sugar molecule found on the surface of human cells.
2. Recognize that certain pathogens use specific molecules on host cells, like mannose, to attach and initiate infection.
3. Identify which of the given pathogens or toxins rely on mannose for attachment to human cells.
4. Recall that pathogenic E. coli uses mannose-binding to adhere to human cells.
5. Conclude that a drug binding to mannose would prevent the attachment of pathogenic E. coli.

Key Concepts

Mannose Binding

Mannose is a sugar molecule found on the surface of human cells. Certain pathogens, including some strains of E. coli, utilize mannose-binding lectins to attach to host cells. By binding to mannose, a drug can block these interactions, preventing the pathogen from adhering and establishing an infection.

Pathogenic Mechanisms

Pathogens employ various mechanisms to invade host tissues and cause disease. For example, Vibrio enterotoxin and botulinum toxin disrupt cellular functions, while E. coli relies on adhesion to colonize the gut. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for identifying how a drug targeting mannose could interfere with specific pathogens.

Toxin Action

Toxins like botulinum and diphtheria toxins exert their effects by entering host cells and disrupting normal cellular processes. While some toxins require specific receptors for entry, others may be neutralized by preventing the pathogen's attachment to host cells. This highlights the importance of understanding the interaction between toxins and host cell surface molecules.