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Problem 1a
Classify the following carbohydrates as a monosaccharide, disaccharide, oligosaccharide, or polysaccharide:
(a) carageenan, a seaweed extract containing up to 25,000 carbohydrate units
Problem 2a
Classify the following carbohydrates as a monosaccharide, disaccharide, oligosaccharide, or polysaccharide:
(a) raffinose, a soluble fiber containing three carbohydrate units
Problem 3a
Identify the following as characteristics of soluble or insoluble fiber:
(a) can mix with water
Problem 6.11a
Identify the following monosaccharides as the d- or the l-isomer:
(a) <IMAGE>
Problem 6.17b
Use the structure of d-galactose in Problem 6.15 to answer the following:
(b) Draw the Fischer projection of l-galactose.
Problem 6.23a
Identify the following carbohydrates as the α or ß anomer:
(a) <IMAGE>
Problem 6.39a
Identify a disaccharide that fits each of the following descriptions:
(a) ordinary table sugar
Problem 6.41a
ALLIED Health Based on the sweetness index in Table 6.2, if you tasted a drop of each of the syrups below, which would taste the sweetest?
(a) light corn syrup (100% glucose)
Problem 6.52
What would be the molecular formula of a monosaccharide characterized as an aldopentose?
Problem 6.63a
How are the following pairs of carbohydrates, shown in a Fischer projection, related to each other? Are they structural isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, or epimers? Identify each as the d- or l-isomer.
(a) <IMAGE>
Problem 6.63b
How are the following pairs of carbohydrates, shown in a Fischer projection, related to each other? Are they structural isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, or epimers? Identify each as the d- or l-isomer.
(b) <IMAGE>
Problem 6.67a
Identify the following carbohydrates as the α or ß anomer:
(a) <IMAGE>
Problem 6.68b
Identify the following carbohydrates as the α or ß anomer:
(b) <IMAGE>
Problem 6.71
Draw the Fischer projection of the product of the oxidation of d-galactose at C1.
Problem 9a
Classify each of the following monosaccharides by the type of carbonyl group and the number of carbons (for example, a monosaccharide with an aldehyde and three carbons is an aldotriose).
(a) <IMAGE>
Problem 10a
Classify each of the following monosaccharides by the type of carbonyl group and the number of carbons (for example, a monosaccharide with an aldehyde and three carbons is an aldotriose).
(a) <IMAGE>
Problem 13a
Draw the Fischer projection for the enantiomer (mirror image) of each of the following:
(a) <IMAGE>
d-Altrose
Problem 15
Classify structures A, B, and C in the figure as being either an enantiomer or a diastereomer of d-galactose.
<IMAGE>
Problem 17a
Use the structure of d-galactose in Problem 6.15 to answer the following:
(a) Draw the Fischer projection of the carbon 3 epimer.
Problem 19a
Identify the monosaccharide that fits each of the following descriptions:
(a) also referred to as dextrose
Problem 20a
Identify the monosaccharide that fits each of the following descriptions:
(a) in combination with glucose produces the disaccharide lactose
Problem 29d
ALLIED Health The sugar alcohol ribitol is a component of the vitamin riboflavin and the energy transfer molecule FAD. Ribitol is formed when the monosaccharide ribose undergoes reduction at carbon 1. Draw the structure of ribitol.
<IMAGE>
d-Ribose
Problem 30d
ALLIED Health The sugar alcohol erythritol is often included in low-calorie sweeteners. It is 70% as sweet as table sugar. Erythritol is the reduced form of the aldotetrose erythrose. Draw erythritol.
<IMAGE>
d-Erythrose
Problem 32a
Identify the following reactions as condensation or hydrolysis:
(a) two monosaccharides reacting to form a disaccharide
Problem 53
Explain the difference between an oligosaccharide and a polysaccharide.
Problem 54
Explain the difference between an aldose and a ketose.
Problem 57
Name the functional groups present in aldoses.
Problem 64a
How are the following pairs of carbohydrates, shown in a Fischer projection, related to each other? Are they structural isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, or epimers?
(a) <IMAGE>
Problem 65
Draw the Fischer projection of the C3 epimer of d-glucose. Compare your structure with those in Table 6.1 and give the name of this compound.
Problem 83
The shell of a shrimp is composed of chitin. If you eat a boiled shrimp without removing the shell, will your body break the shell down into its component sugars? Explain. (Hint: Compare chitin’s structure to that of amylose and cellulose.)
