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Problem 1
In this chapter, we focused on epigenetic modifications to the genome that regulate gene expression. Several mechanisms are involved, and epigenetic control of gene expression is important in development, cancer, and modulating the genomic response to environmental factors. From the explanations given in the chapter,
How does an environmental factor like stress generate a response that is transmitted from generation to generation?Problem 1
In this chapter, we focused on how eukaryotic gene expression is regulated posttranscriptionally. At the same time, we found many opportunities to consider the methods and reasoning by which much of this information was acquired. From the explanations given in the chapter:
How do we know that microRNAs negatively regulate target mRNAs?Problem 1
In this chapter, we focused on epigenetic modifications to the genome that regulate gene expression. Several mechanisms are involved, and epigenetic control of gene expression is important in development, cancer, and modulating the genomic response to environmental factors. From the explanations given in the chapter,
How do we know how methylation of promoters silences gene expression?Problem 1
In this chapter, we focused on epigenetic modifications to the genome that regulate gene expression. Several mechanisms are involved, and epigenetic control of gene expression is important in development, cancer, and modulating the genomic response to environmental factors. From the explanations given in the chapter,
What is the evidence that epigenetic changes are involved in cancer?Problem 2
Write a short essay describing how epigenetic changes in cancer cells contribute to the development and maintenance of cancers.
Problem 3
What are the major mechanisms of epigenetic genome modification?
Problem 4
What parts of the genome are reversibly methylated? How does this affect gene expression?
- Provide a definition of chromatin remodeling, and give two examples of this phenomenon.
Problem 4
Problem 5
Identical twins each carry the same genome, but over time, can develop different phenotypes. How can you explain this?
Problem 6
What are the possible roles of proteins in histone modification?
Problem 7
Describe how reversible chemical changes to DNA and histones are linked to chromatin modification.
- Provide a brief description of two different types of histone modification and how they impact transcription.
Problem 7
Problem 8
Present an overview of the manner in which chromatin can be remodeled. Describe the manner in which these remodeling processes influence transcription.
Problem 8
Why are changes in nucleosome spacing important in changing gene expression?
Problem 9
Chromatin remodeling by the SWI/SNF complex requires hydrolysis of ATP. What purpose does this serve?
Problem 9
What are the similarities and differences in the two types of ncRNAs involved in epigenetic control of gene expression?
Problem 10
How do microRNAs regulate epigenetic mechanisms during development?
Problem 11
What are the functions of lncRNAs in epigenetic regulation? Describe each in detail.
Problem 12
What is the histone code?
Problem 13
Describe the manner in which activators and repressors influence the rate of transcription initiation. How might chromatin structure be involved in such regulation?
Problem 13
What are the differences and similarities among the three classes of monoallelic gene expression?
Problem 14
What is the role of imprinting in human genetic disorders?
Problem 15
Imprinting disorders do not involve changes in DNA sequence, but only the methylated state of the DNA. Does it seem likely that imprinting disorders could be treated by controlling the maternal environment in some way, perhaps by dietary changes?
Problem 16
Should fertility clinics be required by law to disclose that some assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) can result in epigenetic diseases? How would you and your partner balance the risks of ART with the desire to have a child?
Problem 17
How can the role of epigenetics in cancer be reconciled with the idea that cancer is caused by the accumulation of genetic mutations in tumor-suppressor genes and proto-oncogenes?
Problem 18
How are mutations in histone acetylation (HAT) genes linked to cancer?
Problem 19
A developmental disorder in humans called spina bifida is a neural tube defect linked to a maternal diet low in folate during pregnancy.
What does this suggest about the cause of spina bifida?Problem 19
A developmental disorder in humans called spina bifida is a neural tube defect linked to a maternal diet low in folate during pregnancy.
Does this exclude genetic mutations as a cause of this condition?Problem 19
A developmental disorder in humans called spina bifida is a neural tube defect linked to a maternal diet low in folate during pregnancy.
Should researchers be looking for mutant alleles of genes that control formation and differentiation of the neural tube?Problem 20
Trace the relationship between the methylation status of the glucocorticoid receptor gene and the behavioral response to stress.
