A patient is admitted to the hospital and given intravenous (IV) fluids. Four hours later, the patient complains that his mouth and eyes feel dry. You notice that he displays signs of dehydration, and when you check his IV, you see that he was given the wrong kind of fluids. Were these fluids likely hypotonic, isotonic, or hypertonic? Explain.

Which of the following is not a basic function shared by all cells?

a. Cell metabolism

b. Communication

c. Cell reproduction

d. Cell movement

e. Transport of substances through the cell

Explain how the members of the endomembrane system interact.

Write a single sentence, using no more than 25 words, to summarize each of the following cellular processes:

a. Diffusion

Write a single sentence, using no more than 25 words, to summarize each of the following cellular processes:

b. Osmosis

Write a single sentence, using no more than 25 words, to summarize each of the following cellular processes:

c. Primary active transport

Write a single sentence, using no more than 25 words, to summarize each of the following cellular processes:

d. Secondary active transport

Write a single sentence, using no more than 25 words, to summarize each of the following cellular processes:

e. Transcription

Write a single sentence, using no more than 25 words, to summarize each of the following cellular processes:

f. Translation

Write a single sentence, using no more than 25 words, to summarize each of the following cellular processes:

g. DNA synthesis

Write a single sentence, using no more than 25 words, to summarize each of the following cellular processes:

h. Mitosis

Mark the following statements about the cytoskeleton as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

a. Actin filaments combine with myosin motor proteins to provide the cell with mechanical strength.

Mark the following statements about the cytoskeleton as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

b. The cilia found on sperm cells propel the cells through a liquid medium.

Mark the following statements about the cytoskeleton as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

c. Microtubules are hollow tubes that align organelles and shuttle them to their proper places in the cell.

Mark the following statements about the cytoskeleton as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

d. Intermediate filaments are ropelike structures composed of tubulin proteins.

Mark the following statements about the cytoskeleton as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

e. Centrioles are part of the centrosome from which microtubules originate.

Mark the following statements about the cytoskeleton as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

f. Endocytosis, exocytosis, muscle cell contraction, and cellular 'crawling' are all mediated by intermediate filaments.

Our somatic cells' DNA is distributed among 46_________ in the nucleus.

a. nucleosomes

b. chromatids

c. nucleoli

d. chromosomes

Explain how and why chromatin is condensed in the nucleus.

Which of the following statements correctly describes the function of the nucleolus?

a. Within the nucleolus we find genes for rRNA.

b. Nucleoli manufacture mitochondrial proteins for export to the cytosol.

c. Nucleoli assemble the nuclear envelope.

d. The nucleolus contains the genes that form the Golgi apparatus.

Each of the following statements about protein synthesis is false. Correct each to make a true statement.

a. In a gene, each nucleotide specifies one amino acid in a protein sequence.

Each of the following statements about protein synthesis is false. Correct each to make a true statement.

b. A transcription factor must bind to the promoter region of a gene before the enzyme DNA synthetase is able to bind and begin transcription.

Each of the following statements about protein synthesis is false. Correct each to make a true statement.

c. The enzyme RNA polymerase builds a strand of transfer RNA, whose codons are complementary to DNA's triplets.

Each of the following statements about protein synthesis is false. Correct each to make a true statement.

d. Proteins destined for secretion from the cell enter the nucleus after translation, to be folded and modified.

Each of the following statements about protein synthesis is false. Correct each to make a true statement.

e. During translation, amino acids are delivered by the messenger RNA transcript.

Number the following steps of protein synthesis in the order in which they occur, starting with 1 and ending with 9.

a._____The stop codon is reached, and the polypeptide is released.          

b. _____The small ribosomal subunit finds the start codon, and the large ribosomal subunit joins.          

c. _____The end of the gene is reached, and the pre-mRNA is released and then edited.          

d. _____The transcription factor binds the promoter.          

e. _____The protein is folded and modified to become functional.          

f. _____ RNA polymerase builds the mRNA transcript.          

g. _____mRNA and initiator tRNA bind the small ribosomal subunit.          

h. _____ New tRNAs are brought into the A site successively, and the peptide chain of the tRNA in the P site is joined to the amino acid of the tRNA in the A site.

i. ______mRNA exits the nucleus via a nuclear pore.

Which of the following is not a phase of mitosis?

a. Interphase

b. Prophase

c. Anaphase

d. Metaphase

Why is regulation of the cell cycle necessary?

Mark the following statements about the cell cycle as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

a. During the S phase of the cell cycle, the cell stalls until conditions for division are more favorable

Mark the following statements about the cell cycle as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

b. During metaphase, the sister chromatids are pulled apart and the chromosomes move to the opposite poles of the cell.