8. Thermochemistry

Internal Energy

8. Thermochemistry

Internal Energy

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Internal Energy Example 1

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Internal Energy | 9-1 GCSE Physics | OCR, AQA, Edexcel

02:55

Internal Energy | 9-1 GCSE Physics | OCR, AQA, Edexcel

Introduction to Internal Energy of Solids, Liquids, and Gases

Thermodynamics - Internal Energy

Enthalpy H and Internal Energy U

Professor Dave Explains

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First law of Thermodynamics | Physics

SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS | Easy & Basic

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Practice this topic

Multiple Choice

An unknown gas expands in a container increasing the volume from 4.3 L to 8.2 L at a constant pressure of 931 mmHg. Calculate the internal energy of the system if the system absorbs 2.3 kJ of energy.

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Multiple Choice

A gas reaction is allowed to take place in a canister while submerged in water at a temperature of 25^oC. The gas expands and does P-V work on the surroundings equal to 385 J. At the same time, the temperature of the water decreases to 20^oC as the energy in the gas reaction reaches 364 J. What is the change in energy of the system?

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Multiple Choice

Which of the following represents a state function?

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Multiple Choice

Which of the following processes must always result in a net increase in internal energy of the system?

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Textbook Question

Consider the accompanying energy diagram. (a) Does this diagram represent an increase or decrease in the internal energy of the system?

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Textbook Question

For which of the following reactions are ΔE and ΔH equal? (a) CO2(g) + H2O(l) → H2CO (b) 2 NaHCO3 (s) → Na2CO3(s) + H2O(g) + CO2(g) (c) 2 H2(g) + O2(g) → 2 H2O(g) (d) CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)

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Textbook Question

The diagram shows four states of a system, each with different internal energy, E. (c) Write an expression for the difference in energy between State C and State D.

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Textbook Question

The diagram shows four states of a system, each with different internal energy, E. (a) Which of the states of the system has the greatest internal energy?

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Textbook Question

In the accompanying cylinder diagram, a chemical process occurs at constant temperature and pressure. (a) Is the sign of w indicated by this change positive or negative?

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Textbook Question

Consider a process in which an ideal gas changes from state 1 to state 2 in such a way that its temperature changes from 300 K to 200 K. (c) Does the change in the internal energy, ΔE, depend on the particular pathway taken to carry out this change of state?

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Textbook Question

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Textbook Question

Calculate E and determine whether the process is endothermic or exothermic for the following cases: (a) q = 0.763 kJ and w = -840 J.

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Textbook Question

A gas is confined to a cylinder fitted with a piston and an electrical heater, as shown here:

Suppose that current is supplied to the heater so that 100 J of energy is added. Consider two different situations. In case (1) the piston is allowed to move as the energy is added. In case (2) the piston is fixed so that it cannot move. (a) In which case does the gas have the higher temperature after addition of the electrical energy?

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Textbook Question

For the isothermal expansion of a gas into a vacuum, ΔE = 0, q = 0, and w = 0. (b) Explain why no work is done by the system during this process.

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Textbook Question

During a deep breath, our lungs expand about 2.0 L against an external pressure of 101.3 kPa. How much work is involved in this process (in J)?

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Textbook Question

How much work (in J) is involved in a chemical reaction if the volume decreases from 33.6 L to 11.2 L against a constant pressure of 90.5 kPa?

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Textbook Question

Redraw the following diagram to represent the situation (b) when work has been lost by the system.

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Textbook Question

A reaction is carried out in a cylinder fitted with a movable piston. The starting volume is V = 5.00 L, and the appa- ratus is held at constant temperature and pressure. Assum- ing that ∆H = -35.0 kJ and ∆E = -34.8 kJ, redraw the piston to show its position after reaction. Does V increase, decrease, or remain the same?

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Textbook Question

Which statement is true of the internal energy of a system and its surroundings during an energy exchange with a negative ΔEsys? a. The internal energy of the system increases and the internal energy of the surroundings decreases. b. The internal energy of both the system and the surroundings increases. c. The internal energy of both the system and the surroundings decreases. d. The internal energy of the system decreases and the internal energy of the surroundings increases.

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Textbook Question

A gas is confined to a cylinder under constant atmospheric pressure, as illustrated in Figure 5.4. When 0.49 kJ of heat is added to the gas, it expands and does 214 J of work on the surroundings. What are the values of H and E for this process?

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Textbook Question

Identify each energy exchange as primarily heat or work and determine whether the sign of ΔE is positive or negative for the system. a. Sweat evaporates from skin, cooling the skin. (The evaporating sweat is the system.) b. A balloon expands against an external pressure. (The contents of the balloon is the system.) c. An aqueous chemical reaction mixture is warmed with an external flame. (The reaction mixture is the system.) Identify energy exchanges as primarily heat or work. Determine whether the sign of E is positive or negative for the system.

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Textbook Question

A system releases 622 kJ of heat and does 105 kJ of work on the surroundings. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

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Textbook Question

A system absorbs 196 kJ of heat and the surroundings do 117 kJ of work on the system. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

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Textbook Question

The air in an inflated balloon (defined as the system) warms over a toaster and absorbs 115 J of heat. As it expands, it does 77 kJ of work. What is the change in internal energy for the system?

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Textbook Question

What is internal energy?

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Textbook Question

Calculate the work done in joules by a chemical reaction if the volume increases from 3.2 L to 3.4 L against a constant external pressure of 3.6 atm. What is the sign of the energy change?

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Textbook Question

How much work (in J) is required to expand the volume of a pump from 0.0 L to 2.5 L against an external pressure of 1.1 atm?

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Textbook Question

The average human lung expands by about 0.50 L during each breath. If this expansion occurs against an external pressure of 1.0 atm, how much work (in J) is done during the expansion?

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Textbook Question

The air within a piston equipped with a cylinder absorbs 565 J of heat and expands from an initial volume of 0.10 L to a final volume of 0.85 L against an external pressure of 1.0 atm. What is the change in internal energy of the air within the piston?

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Textbook Question

A reaction inside a cylindrical container with a movable RAN piston causes the volume to change from 12.0 L to 18.0 L while the pressure outside the container remains constant at 0.975 atm. (The volume of a cylinder is V = pr2h, where h is the height; 1 L # atm = 101.325 J.) (a) What is the value in joules of the work w done during the reaction?

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Textbook Question

A reaction inside a cylindrical container with a movable RAN piston causes the volume to change from 12.0 L to 18.0 L while the pressure outside the container remains constant at 0.975 atm. (The volume of a cylinder is V = pr2h, where h is the height; 1 L # atm = 101.325 J.) (b) The diameter of the piston is 17.0 cm. How far does the piston move?

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Textbook Question

A gas is compressed from an initial volume of 5.55 L to a final volume of 1.22 L by an external pressure of 1.00 atm. During the compression the gas releases 124 J of heat. What is the change in internal energy of the gas?

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Textbook Question

At a constant pressure of 0.905 atm, a chemical reaction takes place in a cylindrical container with a movable piston having a diameter of 40.0 cm. During the reaction, the height of the piston drops by 65.0 cm. (The volume of a cylinder is V=pr2h,wherehistheheight;1Latm=101.3J.) (b) What is the value in joules of the work w done during the reaction?

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Textbook Question

At a constant pressure of 0.905 atm, a chemical reaction takes place in a cylindrical container with a movable piston having a diameter of 40.0 cm. During the reaction, the height of the piston drops by 65.0 cm. (The volume of a cylinder is V=pr2h,wherehistheheight;1Latm=101.3J.) (a) What is the change in volume in liters during the reaction?

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