Textbook Question
Classify each of the molecules on the left as an acid, base, or salt. The dissociation products of the molecules are shown to help you.
MgSO₄ → Mg²⁺ + SO²₄⁻
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Ch. 2 - Chemical Principles
Chapter 2, Problem 2.3a
What type of bond holds the following atoms together?
a. Li+ and Cl- in LiCl
b. carbon and oxygen atoms in methanol
c. oxygen atoms in O₂
d. a hydrogen atom of one nucleotide to a nitrogen or oxygen atom of another nucleotide in:
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Verified step by step guidance1
Identify the type of bond in LiCl: Li+ and Cl- are ions, so the bond is ionic.
Determine the bond type between carbon and oxygen in methanol: Carbon and oxygen share electrons, indicating a covalent bond.
Examine the bond between oxygen atoms in O₂: Oxygen atoms share electrons equally, forming a nonpolar covalent bond.
Consider the bond between a hydrogen atom of one nucleotide and a nitrogen or oxygen atom of another nucleotide: This is a hydrogen bond, often found in DNA and RNA structures.
Review the characteristics of each bond type: Ionic bonds involve electron transfer, covalent bonds involve electron sharing, and hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between polar molecules.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Ionic Bonding
Ionic bonding occurs when one atom donates an electron to another, resulting in the formation of charged ions. In the case of LiCl, lithium (Li) loses an electron to become Li+, while chlorine (Cl) gains an electron to become Cl-. The electrostatic attraction between these oppositely charged ions creates a strong ionic bond, which is characteristic of salts.
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Ionic Bonds
Covalent Bonding
Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms, allowing them to achieve stable electron configurations. In methanol (CH3OH), carbon (C) shares electrons with oxygen (O) and hydrogen (H) atoms, forming strong covalent bonds. This type of bond is crucial for the structure and function of organic molecules.
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Hydrogen Bonding
Hydrogen bonding is a weak attraction that occurs between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom and another electronegative atom. In nucleotides, hydrogen bonds facilitate the pairing between nitrogenous bases, which is essential for the stability of DNA and RNA structures. These bonds, while weaker than ionic or covalent bonds, play a critical role in biological interactions.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
DRAW IT Diagram the electronic configuration of a carbon atom.
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Textbook Question
Radioisotopes are frequently used to label molecules in a cell. The fate of atoms and molecules in a cell can then be followed. This process is the basis for questions 1-3.
If Pseudomonas bacteria are supplied with radioactively labeled cytosine, after a 24-hour incubation period this cytosine would most likely be found in the cells’
a. carbohydrates.
b. DNA.
c. lipids.
d. water.
e. proteins.
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Textbook Question
Radioisotopes are frequently used to label molecules in a cell. The fate of atoms and molecules in a cell can then be followed. This process is the basis for questions 1-3.
If E. coli were grown in a medium containing the radioactive isotope ³²P, the ³²P would be found in all of the following molecules of the cell except
a. ATP.
b. carbohydrates.
c. DNA.
d. plasma membrane.
e. complex lipids.
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Textbook Question
Classify the following as subunits of either a carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid.
a. <IMAGE>
b. <IMAGE>
c. <IMAGE>
d. Thymine nucleotide
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Textbook Question
Which of the following is an organic molecule?
a. H₂O (water)
b. O₂ (oxygen)
c. C₁₈H₂₉SO₃
d. FeO (iron oxide)
e. F₂C=CF₂ (Teflon)
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