Introduction to Translation - Video Tutorials & Practice Problems
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concept
Introduction to Translation Concept 1
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Hey, everyone. So in this video, we're gonna take an introductory look at translation. Now, recall that in translation, a ribosome reads the genetic information in MRN A to synthesize proteins. And we're gonna say this process requires trn A amino acids and enzymes to translate MRN A into protein. Now, trn A RT RNAs are responsible for transporting our amino acids which we represent by this blue sphere to the ribosomes. So here, if we have our image, we have our MRN A, it wants to undergo translation to become protein. And again, to utilize this, we need our TRN A. So remember here is our TRN a structure with its anti codons down here. Remember that we are attaching our amino acid at the acceptor stem which is on the three prime end. And remember these two structures here represent the complete ribosome. So MRN A with the assistance of TRN A or ribosome here and enzymes through translation, we can make our given protein. Now, trn A molecules must first be activated before they enter the translation process. So right now, we're just peeking in trying to look at the introductory look at what translation is. And how it does things. So just remember it's essentially MRN A going to protein, the utilization of TRN A amino acids, enzymes, ribosomes in order to get it done. Right. So now that we talked about this introductory thing, we continue onwards with talking further about translation.
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Introduction to Translation Concept 2
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In this video, we're gonna take a look at the activation of TRN A. Now during activation, an amino acid is attached to the acceptor stem which is on the three prime end of TRN A. Now, here we're going to see an ester bond is formed between the C terminus and of the amino acid and the free oh at the three prime end of TRN A. If we take a look here at this image, we can say that where the oh is located is the three prime end of TRN A and this will be the five prime end. Remember that TRN A, it looks like a clover leaf in terms of its structure. Here we have our amino acid. This is its c terminus end this c terminus end this carboxylate anion interacts with the oh here, remember a carbolic acid or carboxylate with an alcohol is what helps to create an ester. Here goes our Esther linkage right here. Again, this is still the three prime and this is still the five prime. Now, in order to do this, we use an amino aal trn a synthese that catalyze the ester bond formation. Now each amino acid has a different synthese. Here, we're just using a generic amino acid because our, our group is unknown because of this, the enzyme name, which is our substrate followed by synthetase would be amino A LTRN A synthetase. And because we're using this generic name, this newly created ester bond for this structure would just be our amino AY trn A. Now here for the one on the right, we're using a specific amino acid, we're using alanine because now the R group is a methyl that is a specific R group. So this is talking about the amino acid alanine because of this, it has its specific name. So this is Alan Ne trn A synthese. And the way we would depict this is just our alanine here helping to make the ester linkage. And then here we'd say that this is our Alan Neil trn A. Again, we're gonna use this generic name for all the 20 amino acids in general. But if we're given a specific one, the name changes a bit, we drop the ine here of this amino acid and change it to YL. You're expected to know this generic name for this enzyme that's used to activate TRN A. We're just showing you this specific amino acid in this case. So you can see how does the name change for specific amino acid, right? So just keep that in mind when looking at the activation of a TRN A molecule
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example
Introduction to Translation Example 1
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Which of the following statements is incorrect. About translation. A translation is a part of gene expression. This is true. Remember that transcription and translation together encompasses gene expression. So, translation is indeed a part of gene expression translation requires TN A molecules as carriers of amino acids. That's true. Remember our MRN A brings in our coon and TRN A brings in the anticodon so that it can carry an amino acid in or protein synthesis. A ribosome reads the genetic information from a DNA strand and synthesizes a protein. This is incorrect. The ribosome doesn't read the genetic information from a DNA strand. It does it from an MRN A strand. And then finally, d ribosomes, the sites of protein synthesis are located outside the nucleus in the cytosol. This is true. Remember when MRN A has been made and processed and after its process, it leaves the nucleus of the cell to go into the cytosol so that it can lead up to the connection with the ribosomes, right. So it can go to the ribosomes. So this is true ribosomes are also the place of protein synthesis, right. So here, the only option that is incorrect. Is option. C ribosomes don't read DNA to synthesize protein. They read MRN A in order to synthesize protein.
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Problem
Problem
During activation, an amino acid bonds to the ___ end of tRNA through its ___-terminus.
A
5’, C
B
3’, N
C
5’, N
D
3’, C
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