Glycolysis Summary - Video Tutorials & Practice Problems
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1
concept
Glycolysis Summary Concept 1
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Hey, everyone. So in this video, we're gonna take a look at glycolysis. Energy output. Here, we're going to say that glycolysis oxidized glucose to pyruvate and produces two N A DH S and four A TP molecules. Now remember glycolysis is made up of two phases, phase A and phase B phase A consists of reactions 1 to 5. And we're going to say that it requires an investment of two A TP. Reaction B includes reactions 6 to 10. This is the energy producing phase of glycolysis in it. We make two N A DH S and four A TP. Now here, our net creation of A TP is only two because we had to invest two to get four out. So, in essence, we've only really made two brand new A TP. And if we take a look here, we're gonna say that our overall set of glycolysis is our starting molecule. Um we're gonna have is glucose in this process, we're gonna wind up making zero carbon dioxides. We're gonna make two net A TP. We're gonna make zero fa DH two. We're gonna make two N A DH in order to make two pyros at the end. Now, here we're gonna have some memory tools to help us remember how the phases are set up. Now, here we're going to say we have 10 reactions that are equally divided into two phases. Remember phase A is reactions 1 to 5, phase B is reactions 6 to 10. Here we're going to say that reactions one and three are irreversible and they're the ones that use a TP. Remember phase A requires an investment of two A TP. Next, we're gonna say our memory to one to help us remember some of this is I irresponsibly one third of a pizza glycolysis is a cyclic type of pathway. So like a pizza cyclic irresponsibly irreversible, eight pizzas or we're talking about a TP and one third reactions one and three. Next, we're gonna say reaction six is what produces our two N A DH energetic molecules. Reaction seven and 10 produce two A TP. Each memory tool two says that our second, a second six pack at the week and second six pack, we have two N A DH s that are made in reaction six a week is seven days long reaction seven. The end of glycolysis is reaction tensile and is 10. Finally, memory tool three tells us that row 10 is one way when it comes to reaction 10, it only goes one way. It's not a reversible reaction. So row 10, reaction 10 goes only one way forward in order to make our two pyros as our final molecules. So keep this in mind when we're taking an overview of the energy output of glycolysis and some key factors to remember when it comes to specific reactions of glycolysis.
2
example
Glycolysis Summary Example 1
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For this example, it says which of the following glycolysis reactions produce a TP. Now remember glycolysis is split into two phases, phase A which is the energy consuming phase and then phase B which is the energy producing phase in terms of A TP. So phase B is reactions 6 to 10. So it's in these reactions where A TP could be produced because of this. That means B is out because reaction one and three are part of phase A where A TP is not being produced, it's being consumed also D is out because again, reaction three is part of phase A. That means our answer is gonna be either A or C. Now remember our memory tool two, we're gonna say a six pack at week end, this is where we have energetic molecules being created. We're gonna say six pack reaction six means we're making an A DH S and week end reactions 77 days is a week and is reaction 10. The last reaction of glycolysis reaction seven and 10 is where A TP will be produced. So here the answer is option C it doesn't work because 66 is where we create N A DH and not a TP and seven here. Yes, it makes a TP but six does not.
3
Problem
Problem
How many NADH molecules are produced in phase B of glycolysis?
A
2
B
3
C
1
D
4
4
concept
Glycolysis Summary Concept 2
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2m
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Hey, everyone. So in this video, we're gonna talk about tools we can use to help us remember phase a of glycolysis. Now, here we're gonna say glycolysis reactions can be remembered by memorizing the metabolite names. Now, memory tool four is Glenn's grandpa made a fruity pie, a fruity berry pie split with Daphne Gilpin, right. So here what does it stand for? We're gonna say here that Glens is glucose. We know that reaction one is a phosphorylation reaction in which we consume a TP in order to create glucose six phosphate, which represents grandpa, we're gonna have reaction two which is reversible and it made a fruity pie. This represents fructose six phosphate. So this is an isomer of glucose six phosphate. Now going to reaction three is yet again, another phosphorylation reaction. Here we're gonna add an inorganic phosphate again to create fructose, 16 bisphosphate or a fruity berry pie. Here it's split because we can go this, we can go one of two ways we can go this way or this way we can split to make dihydroxy acetone phosphate or Daphne or we can make glyceraldehyde three phosphate which is gilt. Here, we're gonna say that the name of the enzyme can be predicted by knowing the substrate and the type of reaction hint one phosphor reactions. One and three are catal catabolize or catalyzed actually catalyzed by Kinas because remember we have the transferring of a inorganic phosphate from a TP to our specific molecule. H two isomerization reactions. Two and five, they're catalyzed by, since they're isomers, they're catalyzed by isomer. Now, exception, one reactions, two and three are enzymes named as fossil substrate and then function. So here we're gonna say exception two bond cleavage which is forced cat catalyzed catalyzed by an al dela. So these are the two exceptions that we have. But here just remember the phrase in order for us to remember, remember the metabolites involved and then to remember what kind of enzymes do, what type of functions from reactions 1 to 5 or phase a of glycolysis.
5
example
Glycolysis Summary Example 2
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In this example question, it says which enzyme in glycolysis catalyzes the conversion of glucose six phosphate, otherwise known as G six P to fructose six phosphate known as F six P. Now, first of all, glucose, six phosphate and fructose, six phosphates are isomers of one another. They have the same molecular formula but just different connections. And because they're isomers of each other, this is an isomerization reaction. The class of enzymes that we would use would have to be and isomerate. If we look at our options, the answer would have to be B we use phospho gluco isomerase to go from G six P to F six P A and C deal with kin aids. Remember kinas are the class of enzymes that deal with phosphate transfers here. That's not what's going on. We are basically going from glucose to fructose. So we're doing an isomerization. The molecule is changing its connections to go from one form to another form. We're not transferring a phosphate group from one molecule to a new specified molecule. So we wouldn't be using a kinase and we haven't talked about all the laces yet. So this wouldn't work as an option either. So here the answer would have to be option B.
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Problem
Problem
Write the names of the substrate and the product of reaction 3 of glycolysis.
A
Glucose and glucose-6-phosphate
B
Fructose-6-phosphate and fructose-1-phosphate
C
Fructose-1,6-bisphophate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
D
Fructose-6-phosphate and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
7
concept
Glycolysis Summary Concept 3
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3m
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Hey, everyone. So in this video, we're gonna go over different memory tools and hints to help us remember the parts of phase B of glycolysis. Now, memory tool five is green peas in a baked potato gratin. Then three pomegranates and two pink grapes to prepare a pie. Right? So here we start out with glyceraldehyde three phosphate which we created in reaction five or phase A of glycolysis. Now we're gonna start out with reaction six for phase B of glycolysis. Here is where we make our N A DH as our energetic molecule. This allows us to add an inorganic phosphate to G three P, transforming it into 13 bis phospho glycerine. So green peas in a baked potato rotten, we're gonna have reaction seven which is where we create a TP. This is where we're going to have dephosphorylation occur where we lose one of our inorganic phosphates. So three phospho glycate is three pomegranates. Reaction eight is where we move the inorganic phosphate from position three to position two, transforming it into two phospho glycerine. So three pomegranates becomes two pink grapes. Then we're gonna have reaction nine where we're going to lose water to create pep, which is fossil enno pyruvic pep is connected to prepare. Then finally, we're gonna have reaction 10 where we make pyruvate. And also another a TP molecule. Here, pyruvate will represent our pi. Now, here we're gonna say the name of the enzyme can be predicted by knowing the substrate and the type of reaction hint three, an oxidation reaction occurs in reaction six. And remember we talked about oxidation reactions before our class of enzymes that we tend to use are the dehydrogenase. So it's catalyzed by dehydrogenase H four. We have dephosphorylation in reaction seven and 10 which help us to make a TP. They are catalog um catalyzed by our kinas because they involve a phosphate transfer. And then we have exceptions. Three and four here. Our change in the inorganic phosphate location of reaction eight is catalyzed by mutates. Here, we're going from G um three pg to two PG, we're creating isomers. So this class of isomers specifically is a muta. Here, we're going to say that we have reaction four which is a dehydration reaction. It's catalyzed by an aldolase or actually no, not al Dease by an in oates. So this would be the enzyme that we use. So these are the ways that we can remember the different types of metabolites found in phase B of glycolysis and the enzymes corresponding with each of the reactions. So keep this in mind or ask questions, dealing with phase B of glycolysis.
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example
Glycolysis Summary Example 3
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1m
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In this example, it says which enzyme in glycolysis catalyzes the conversion of three pg to two pg. Now, the difference between these two molecules is we have our inorganic phosphate moving from position three and three pg to position two to create two PG. The class of enzyme that we'd use specifically in order to move a functional group on a structure would have to be a muta. So here, if we take a look, that would mean that my answer would have to be phospho glyceride muta. This is the enzyme we'd have to use in order to do this here. Glyceraldehyde three phosphate dehydrogenase dehydrogenase deal with redox reactions, oxidation or reductions. That's not what's occurring here. We're moving the inorganic phosphate from one portion of the molecule to another portion. In essence making a different type of isomer. But the isomer specifically the subset of it would have to be a muta. So here this would not work. This is summaries. No, specifically we're moving in functional group from one portion to another portion. That subset would have to be a muta. Now a kinase, remember a kinase deals with phosphate transfers, that's not what's occurring here, a phosphate transfer would mean that we're adding an additional phosphate to three PG to create something new. You were not adding a new phosphate group, increasing the number overall or just moving a functional group, the inorganic phosphate to another part of the molecule. So it wouldn't be a kinase. So again, the answer here would have to be option D it's a muta.
9
Problem
Problem
What is the name of the product of glycolysis reaction 9?
A
3-Phosphoglycerate
B
Phosphoenolpyruvate
C
2-Phosphoglycerate
D
Pyruvate
10
Problem
Problem
Which two steps of phase A of glycolysis utilize ATP as a coenzyme?
A
Reactions 2 and 3
B
Reactions 1 and 3
C
Reactions 4 and 5
D
Reactions 2 and 4
11
Problem
Problem
What is the name of the product when 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate loses a phosphate group?
A
Phosphoenolpyruvate
B
1-Phosphoglycerate
C
2-Phosphoglycerate
D
3-Phosphoglycerate
12
Problem
Problem
Which one of the following statements is incorrect about phase A of glycolysis?
A
Phosphorylation in reactions 1 and 3 requires ATP as the coenzyme.
B
Energy from ATP hydrolysis is required to cleave the C–C bond in reaction 4.
C
Except for the energy-consuming reactions 1 and 3, the other three reactions are reversible.
D
Isomerization of DHAP into G3P is reversible.
13
Problem
Problem
For each of the following reactions described below, identify a corresponding step of glycolysis.
a) ____ Phosphorylation of glucose to produce glucose-6-phosphate.
b) ____ Formation of a hexose phosphate from a hexose.
c) ____ An oxidation reaction is catalyzed by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
d) ____ Phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate to produce fructose-1,6-bisphosphate.
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14
Problem
Problem
What compound is converted to phosphoenolpyruvate in glycolysis?
A
Pyruvate
B
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
C
2-Phosphoglycerate
D
Glucose-6-phosphate
15
Problem
Problem
What is the name of the product of the glycolysis reaction which produces NADH?
A
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
B
3-Phosphoglycerate
C
2-Phosphoglycerate
D
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
16
Problem
Problem
Which reaction of glycolysis produces a hexose bisphosphate from a hexose phosphate?
A
1
B
6
C
3
D
2
17
Problem
Problem
Which reactions of the glycolysis pathway involve a phosphate transfer?
A
Reactions 1, 3, 7, and 10
B
Reactions 1, 6, 8, and 10
C
Reactions 1, 3, 7, and 9
D
Reactions 2, 3, 6, and 8
18
Problem
Problem
Which reaction of the glycolysis pathway is catalyzed by the enzyme pyruvate kinase?
A
Reaction 9
B
Reaction 10
C
Reaction 6
D
Reaction 7
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