Predict the effect on the inducibility of the lac operon of a mutation that disrupts the function of (a) the crp gene, which encodes the CAP protein, and (b) the CAP-binding site within the promoter.

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand the role of the lac operon: The lac operon is a set of genes involved in lactose metabolism in E. coli, regulated by the presence or absence of lactose and glucose.
2. Identify the function of the crp gene: The crp gene encodes the cAMP receptor protein (CAP), which is necessary for the activation of the lac operon in the absence of glucose.
3. Consider the effect of a mutation in the crp gene: A mutation that disrupts the function of the crp gene would prevent the production of functional CAP protein, affecting the operon's ability to be induced in low glucose conditions.
4. Examine the role of the CAP-binding site: The CAP-binding site is a specific DNA sequence within the promoter region where the CAP-cAMP complex binds to enhance transcription of the lac operon.
5. Analyze the impact of a mutation in the CAP-binding site: A mutation in this site would hinder the binding of the CAP-cAMP complex, reducing the operon's inducibility even if CAP is present and functional.

Key Concepts

Lac Operon

The lac operon is a set of genes in E. coli that are involved in the metabolism of lactose. It consists of structural genes that encode proteins necessary for lactose uptake and breakdown, regulated by a promoter and operator. The operon is inducible, meaning it is activated in the presence of lactose, allowing the bacteria to utilize this sugar when glucose is scarce.

CAP Protein and cAMP

The CAP (catabolite activator protein) is a transcription factor that enhances the transcription of the lac operon in the presence of cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate). When glucose levels are low, cAMP levels rise, allowing CAP to bind to the CAP-binding site on the lac promoter, facilitating RNA polymerase binding and increasing gene expression. A mutation in the crp gene, which encodes CAP, would reduce this activation.

Mutations in Regulatory Elements

Mutations in regulatory elements, such as the CAP-binding site within the lac operon promoter, can significantly affect gene expression. If the CAP-binding site is disrupted, even if CAP is present, it cannot bind effectively, leading to decreased transcription of the lac operon. This illustrates how specific DNA sequences are crucial for the proper regulation of gene expression in response to environmental signals.