What kinds of attractive forces exist between particles (atoms, molecules, or ions) in (d) and metallic crystals?

Key Concepts

Intermolecular Forces

Intermolecular forces are the attractive forces that occur between molecules. These forces include hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole interactions, and London dispersion forces. They play a crucial role in determining the physical properties of substances, such as boiling and melting points, and are essential for understanding the behavior of molecular compounds.

Ionic Bonds

Ionic bonds are formed through the electrostatic attraction between positively charged ions (cations) and negatively charged ions (anions). This type of bond typically occurs in ionic compounds, where electrons are transferred from one atom to another, resulting in the formation of charged particles. The strength of ionic bonds contributes to the high melting and boiling points of ionic compounds.

Metallic Bonding

Metallic bonding is characterized by a 'sea of electrons' that are free to move around, which allows metal atoms to share their valence electrons. This type of bonding results in properties such as electrical conductivity, malleability, and ductility. The attractive forces between the positively charged metal ions and the delocalized electrons are what hold the metallic structure together.