What is a hormone-response element?
a. A receptor for a steroid hormone
b. A receptor for a polypeptide hormone
c. A segment of DNA where a hormone–receptor complex binds
d. An enzyme that is activated in response to hormone binding and produces a second messenger

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand the concept of hormone-response elements: These are specific sequences of DNA that are recognized and bound by hormone-receptor complexes.
2. Identify the role of hormone-receptor complexes: When a hormone binds to its receptor, the complex can interact with DNA at hormone-response elements to regulate gene expression.
3. Differentiate between types of hormones: Steroid hormones typically pass through cell membranes and bind to intracellular receptors, forming complexes that can directly interact with DNA.
4. Consider the options given: Evaluate each option to determine which one accurately describes the function and location of hormone-response elements.
5. Select the correct answer: Based on the understanding that hormone-response elements are DNA segments where hormone-receptor complexes bind, choose the option that best fits this description.

Key Concepts

Hormone-Response Element

A hormone-response element (HRE) is a specific sequence of DNA that a hormone-receptor complex binds to, influencing gene expression. When a hormone binds to its receptor, the complex can interact with HREs in the promoter region of target genes, modulating transcription and ultimately affecting cellular function.

Steroid Hormone Receptors

Steroid hormone receptors are intracellular proteins that bind steroid hormones, such as estrogen or testosterone. Upon binding, these receptors undergo a conformational change, allowing them to interact with hormone-response elements in the DNA, thereby regulating gene expression and affecting various physiological processes.

Gene Regulation by Hormones

Gene regulation by hormones involves the modulation of gene expression through hormone-receptor interactions with DNA. Hormones can activate or repress specific genes by binding to receptors that interact with hormone-response elements, leading to changes in mRNA synthesis and protein production, which are crucial for maintaining homeostasis and responding to environmental changes.