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Problem 24.2a21ed37fe
Mr. Wu is a patient with kidney disease who presents to your clinic for monitoring. You notice on his chart that his GFR was estimated through inulin administration to be about 35 ml/min. What does this tell you about the health of his kidneys? Mr. Wu is taking a medication that is normally excreted from the body in the urine. You order blood work and find that the concentration of this medication in his plasma is much higher than normal. How does his decreased GFR explain the elevated level of medication in his plasma?
Problem 18.16a
Net filtration pressure in most capillary beds favors:
a. absorption.
b. osmosis.
c. filtration.
d. secretion.
Problem 18.2a
Mr. Gupta has been diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome, which is characterized by the loss of plasma proteins such as albumin into the urine. What impact will this have on his colloid osmotic pressure? How will this affect the net filtration pressure in his capillary beds? What effect will this likely cause?
Problem 24.1a
What are the four main organs of the urinary system?
Problem 24.10a
The route by which substances are reabsorbed by crossing through the cells of the renal tubule and collecting system is known as the:
a. paracellular route.
b. transcellular route.
c. primary active transport route.
d. facultative route.
Problem 24.1a
Predict the effects the following scenarios would have on glomerular filtration:
a. Having excess proteins in the blood, increasing colloid osmotic pressure
Problem 24.1a
Drugs that treat hypertension, or high blood pressure, have the following actions. Discuss the specific effect that each drug will have on the kidneys.
a. Blocking the action of aldosterone on the kidneys
Problem 24.1a
Explain how each of the drugs in question 1 from this section would lower blood pressure. (Connects to Chapter 17)
Problem 24.1b
Predict the effects the following scenarios would have on glomerular filtration:
b. Having low arterial blood pressure (hypotension)
Problem 24.1b
Drugs that treat hypertension, or high blood pressure, have the following actions. Discuss the specific effect that each drug will have on the kidneys.
b. Blocking the receptor for angiotensin-II on blood vessels and in the renal tubule cells
Problem 24.1c
Predict the effects the following scenarios would have on glomerular filtration:
c. Having high arterial blood pressure (hypertension)
Problem 24.1c
Drugs that treat hypertension, or high blood pressure, have the following actions. Discuss the specific effect that each drug will have on the kidneys.
c. Blocking the Na+/Cl−/2K+ transport pumps in the thick ascending limb of the nephron loop
Problem 24.11a
Fill in the blanks: Glomerular hydrostatic pressure _____ filtration; colloid osmotic pressure and capsular hydrostatic pressure_____ filtration.
a. favors; favor
b. opposes; oppose
c. favors; oppose
d. opposes; favor
Problem 24.12a
Dilute urine is produced when decreased levels of______ are secreted:
a. aldosterone
b. atrial natriuretic peptide
c. ADH
d. none of the above
Problem 24.13a
Which of the following conditions does not contribute to the creation and/or maintenance of the medullary osmotic gradient?
a. The countercurrent exchanger of the vasa recta
b. The countercurrent multiplier of the nephron loops of cortical nephrons
c. The countercurrent multiplier of the nephron loops of juxtamedullary nephrons
d. The permeability of the medullary collecting system to urea and other ions
Problem 24.14a
Fill in the blanks: The kidneys produce _____ urine when the osmolarity of the body's fluids increases. They produce _____urine when the osmolarity of the body's fluids decreases.
Problem 24.15a
Normal urine should have which of the following properties? Circle all that apply.
a. Translucency
b. Yellowish pigment
c. Cloudy appearance
d. pH less than 4.5
Problem 24.16a
The GFR may be estimated by measuring the rate at which certain substances are removed from the blood, which is known as:
a. renal clearance.
b. plasma creatinine.
c. glomerular hydrostatic pressure.
d. inulin estimation.
Problem 24.17a
Fill in the blanks for each of the following statements:
a. The process by which urine is eliminated is called _____ , and it is mediated by reflexes involving the_____nervous system.
b. The mucosa of the organs of the urinary tract is lined with _____epithelium.
c. The three layers of smooth muscle in the urinary bladder are known as the_____muscle.
d. The female urethra provides a passageway for , whereas the male urethra provides a passageway for_____and_____ .
Problem 24.2a
Which of the following is not a physiological process carried out by the kidneys?
a. Blood pressure regulation
b. Tubular reabsorption
c. Tubular secretion
d. Glomerular filtration
e. All of the above are physiological processes carried out by the kidneys.
Problem 24.2a
Trace the pathway taken by a molecule of urea through the kidney from the glomerulus to the renal pelvis if the urea is recycled.
Problem 24.2a
What might it mean if you found a high concentration of urobilinogen in your patient's urine? (Hint: Consider the source of urobilinogen.) (Connects to Chapter 19)
Problem 24.3a
Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.
a. The kidneys are retroperitoneal and covered by three layers of connective tissue.
Problem 24.3a
Explain why urinary tract infections, which involve the urethra and urinary bladder, are much more common in females than males.
Problem 24.3a
Deana is a 4-year-old girl with a rare genetic defect that causes the Na+/glucose symporters in the proximal tubule to reabsorb fewer glucose and sodium ions than normal. Predict the effects this defect will have on the composition and volume of Deana's urine. Explain why you would expect to see increased activity of the tubuloglomerular feedback and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in Deana's kidneys.
Problem 24.3b
Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.
b. Internally, the kidneys consist of an outer renal medulla, a middle renal pelvis, and an inner renal cortex.
Problem 24.3c
Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.
c. The first capillary bed of the kidneys is the peritubular capillaries, which are fed by the afferent arteriole and drained by the efferent arteriole.
Problem 24.3d
Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.
d. Filtrate flows from the renal corpuscle to the distal tubule, the nephron loop, the proximal tubule, and into the collecting system.
Problem 24.4a
Cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons differ in the:
a. lengths of their nephron loops.
b. structure of the capillaries surrounding them.
c. structure of their renal corpuscles.
d. Both a and b are correct.
e. Both b and c are correct.
Problem 24.4a
Why must the kidneys establish a concentration gradient in the interstitial fluid of the renal medulla in order to produce concentrated urine?
