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Ch. 8 - Microbial Genetics
Chapter 8, Problem 9.3a

Which of the following is the fourth basic step to genetically modify a cell?
a. transformation
b. ligation
c. plasmid cleavage
d. restriction-enzyme digestion of gene
e. isolation of gene

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1
Understand the process of genetic modification, which involves several key steps to alter the genetic material of a cell.
Identify the typical sequence of steps in genetic modification: isolation of the gene, restriction-enzyme digestion of the gene, plasmid cleavage, ligation, and transformation.
Recognize that the process begins with the isolation of the gene of interest from the source organism.
Next, the isolated gene is cut using restriction enzymes, which is known as restriction-enzyme digestion.
Following the digestion, the plasmid is cleaved, and the gene is ligated into the plasmid, which is then introduced into the host cell through transformation.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Genetic Modification Steps

Genetic modification involves a series of steps to alter the genetic material of a cell. These steps typically include isolation of the gene of interest, restriction-enzyme digestion to cut DNA at specific sites, ligation to join DNA fragments, and transformation to introduce the modified DNA into a host cell. Understanding these steps is crucial for identifying the correct sequence in the genetic engineering process.
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Restriction Enzymes

Restriction enzymes are proteins that cut DNA at specific sequences, allowing scientists to manipulate genetic material. They are essential in the genetic modification process as they enable the precise excision of genes from one DNA molecule and facilitate the insertion of these genes into plasmids or other vectors. This step is foundational for creating recombinant DNA.
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Transformation

Transformation is the process by which a cell takes up foreign DNA from its environment, leading to genetic change. This step is critical in genetic engineering, as it allows the modified plasmid containing the desired gene to enter the host cell, where it can be expressed. Understanding transformation is key to determining the final step in the genetic modification sequence.
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