ALLIED Health Epinephrine is the active ingredient in the EpiPen® used to treat severe allergic reactions. EpiPens expire due to the oxidation of the epinephrine. One of these reactions is shown below. Circle the groups in the product that were oxidized.
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Verified step by step guidance

1. Identify the functional groups present in the epinephrine molecule before the reaction.
2. Examine the product of the reaction to identify any changes in the functional groups.
3. Look for changes that indicate oxidation, such as the addition of oxygen or the removal of hydrogen.
4. Circle the functional groups in the product that have undergone these changes.
5. Compare the circled groups with the original epinephrine structure to confirm oxidation.

Key Concepts

Epinephrine Structure and Function

Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is a hormone and neurotransmitter that plays a critical role in the body's fight-or-flight response. It is composed of a catecholamine structure, which includes a benzene ring with two hydroxyl groups and an amine side chain. Understanding its chemical structure is essential for identifying how it interacts with receptors and how it can be affected by oxidation.

Oxidation Reactions

Oxidation is a chemical reaction that involves the loss of electrons or an increase in oxidation state by a molecule. In the context of epinephrine, oxidation can lead to the degradation of the molecule, affecting its efficacy. Recognizing the specific functional groups that undergo oxidation is crucial for understanding the stability and shelf life of epinephrine in EpiPens.

Chemical Stability and Expiration

Chemical stability refers to the ability of a substance to maintain its chemical integrity over time. In pharmaceuticals like EpiPens, factors such as light, temperature, and oxidation can lead to degradation, resulting in expiration. Understanding the conditions that affect the stability of epinephrine helps in recognizing the importance of checking expiration dates and proper storage to ensure effectiveness during allergic reactions.