Ch. 7 - Sex Determination and Sex Chromosomes
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Problem 1
In this chapter, we have focused on sex differentiation, sex chromosomes, and genetic mechanisms involved in sex determination. At the same time, we found many opportunities to consider the methods and reasoning by which much of this information was acquired. From the explanations given in the chapter, you should answer the following fundamental questions?
How do we know whether or not a heteromorphic chromosome such as the Y chromosome plays a crucial role in the determination of sex?- In this chapter, we have focused on sex differentiation, sex chromosomes, and genetic mechanisms involved in sex determination. At the same time, we found many opportunities to consider the methods and reasoning by which much of this information was acquired. From the explanations given in the chapter, you should answer the following fundamental questions? How do we know that in humans the X chromosomes play no role in human sex determination, while the Y chromosome causes maleness and its absence causes femaleness?
Problem 1
- How do we know that Drosophila utilizes a different sex-determination mechanism than mammals, even though it has the same sex-chromosome compositions in males and females?
Problem 1
- How do we know that X chromosomal inactivation of either the paternal or maternal homolog is a random event during early development in mammalian females?
Problem 1
- Write a short essay that discusses sex chromosomes as they contrast with autosomes.
Problem 2
- Distinguish between the concepts of sexual differentiation and sex determination.
Problem 3
- Contrast the XX/XY and XX/X0 modes of sex determination.
Problem 4
- Describe the major difference between sex determination in Drosophila and in humans.
Problem 5
- How do mammals, including humans, solve the 'dosage problem' caused by the presence of an X and Y chromosome in one sex and two X chromosomes in the other sex?
Problem 6
- The phenotype of an early-stage human embryo is considered sexually indifferent. Explain why this is so even though the embryo's genotypic sex is already fixed.
Problem 7
- What specific observations (evidence) support the conclusions about sex determination in Drosophila and humans?
Problem 8
Problem 10
An insect species is discovered in which the heterogametic sex is unknown. An X-linked recessive mutation for reduced wing (rw) is discovered. Contrast the F₁ and F₂ generations from a cross between a female with reduced wings and a male with normal-sized wings when the male is the heterogametic sex.
- An insect species is discovered in which the heterogametic sex is unknown. An X-linked recessive mutation for reduced wing (rw) is discovered. Contrast the F₁ and F₂ generations from a cross between a female with reduced wings and a male with normal-sized wings when the female is the heterogametic sex.
Problem 10
Problem 11
What is the basis for homology among chromosomes?
Problem 11
Consider the case where a mutation occurs that disrupts translation in a single human mitochondrion found in the oocyte participating in fertilization. What is the likely impact of this mutation on the offspring arising from this oocyte?
- It has been suggested that any male-determining genes contained on the Y chromosome in humans cannot be located in the limited region that synapses with the X chromosome during meiosis. What might be the outcome if such genes were located in this region?
Problem 14
- Predict the potential effect of the Lyon hypothesis on the retina of a human female heterozygous for the X-linked red-green color blindness trait.
Problem 19
- Cat breeders are aware that kittens expressing the X-linked calico coat pattern and tortoiseshell pattern are almost invariably females. Why are they certain of this?
Problem 20
- In mice, the Sry gene (see Section 7.2) is located on the Y chromosome very close to one of the pseudoautosomal regions that pairs with the X chromosome during male meiosis. Given this information, propose a model to explain the generation of unusual males who have two X chromosomes (with an Sry-containing piece of the Y chromosome attached to one X chromosome).
Problem 21
- What is the role of the enzyme aromatase in sexual differentiation in reptiles?
Problem 23
- The Amami spiny rat (Tokudaia osimensis) lacks a Y chromosome, yet scientists at Hokkaido University in Japan have reported that key sex-determining genes continue to be expressed in this species. Provide possible explanations for why male differentiation can still occur in this mammalian species despite the absence of a Y chromosome.
Problem 25
- In chickens, a key gene involved in sex determination has recently been identified. Called DMRT1, it is located on the Z chromosome and is absent on the W chromosome. Like SRY in humans, it is male determining. Unlike SRY in humans, however, female chickens (ZW) have a single copy while males (ZZ) have two copies of the gene. Nevertheless, it is transcribed only in the developing testis. Working in the laboratory of Andrew Sinclair (a co-discoverer of the human SRY gene), Craig Smith and colleagues were able to 'knock down' expression of DMRT1 in ZZ embryos using RNA interference techniques (see Chapter 18). In such cases, the developing gonads look more like ovaries than testes [Nature 461: 267 (2009)]. What conclusions can you draw about the role that the DMRT1 gene plays in chickens in contrast to the role the SRY gene plays in humans?
Problem 29
