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Ch.14 - Solutions
Chapter 14, Problem 111

An isotonic solution contains 0.90% NaCl mass to volume. Calculate the percent mass to volume for isotonic solutions containing each solute at 25 °C. Assume a van't Hoff factor of 1.9 for all ionic solutes. a. KCl

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Isotonic Solutions

An isotonic solution has the same osmotic pressure as another solution, typically physiological saline (0.90% NaCl). This means that the concentration of solutes is balanced, preventing net movement of water across cell membranes, which is crucial for maintaining cell integrity and function.
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Solution Components

Van't Hoff Factor (i)

The van't Hoff factor (i) indicates the number of particles a solute dissociates into in solution. For ionic compounds like KCl, which dissociates into K+ and Cl-, the van't Hoff factor is 2. However, in this case, a factor of 1.9 is used, accounting for ion pairing in solution, which affects colligative properties.
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Percent Mass to Volume Concentration

Percent mass to volume concentration is a way to express the concentration of a solution, calculated as the mass of solute divided by the volume of solution, multiplied by 100. This measurement is essential for preparing solutions with specific osmotic properties, such as isotonic solutions, to ensure proper physiological function.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question

A gas has a Henry's law constant of 0.112 M>atm. What total volume of solution is needed to completely dissolve 1.65 L of the gas at a pressure of 725 torr and a temperature of 25 °C?

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Textbook Question

The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) sets a limit for mercury—a toxin to the central nervous system—at 0.0020 ppm by mass. Water suppliers must periodically test their water to ensure that mercury levels do not exceed this limit. Suppose water becomes contaminated with mercury at twice the legal limit (0.0040 ppm). How much of this water would a person have to consume to ingest 50.0 mg of mercury?

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Textbook Question

Water softeners often replace calcium ions in hard water with sodium ions. Since sodium compounds are soluble, the presence of sodium ions in water does not cause the white, scaly residues caused by calcium ions. However, calcium is more beneficial to human health than sodium because calcium is a necessary part of the human diet, while high levels of sodium intake are linked to increases in blood pressure. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends that adults ingest less than 2.4 g of sodium per day. How many liters of softened water, containing a sodium concentration of 0.050% sodium by mass, would a person have to consume to exceed the FDA recommendation? (Assume a water density of 1.0 g/mL.)

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Textbook Question

Magnesium citrate, Mg3(C6H5O7)2, belongs to a class of laxatives called hyperosmotics, which cause rapid emptying of the bowel. When a concentrated solution of magnesium citrate is consumed, it passes through the intestines, drawing water and promoting diarrhea, usually within 6 hours. Calculate the osmotic pressure of a magnesium citrate laxative solution containing 28.5 g of magnesium citrate in 235 mL of solution at 37 °C (approximate body temperature). Assume complete dissociation of the ionic compound.

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Textbook Question

When HNO2 is dissolved in water, it partially dissociates according to the equation HNO2 ⇌ H+ + NO2-. A solution is prepared that contains 7.050 g of HNO2 in 1.000 kg of water. Its freezing point is -0.2929 °C. Calculate the fraction of HNO2 that has dissociated.

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Textbook Question

A solution of a nonvolatile solute in water has a boiling point of 375.3 K. Calculate the vapor pressure of water above this solution at 338 K. The vapor pressure of pure water at this temperature is 0.2467 atm.

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