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Ch.12 - Solids and Modern Materials
All textbooksBrown 14th EditionCh.12 - Solids and Modern MaterialsProblem 117
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Chapter 12, Problem 117

Teflon is a polymer formed by the polymerization of F2C=CF2. (a) Draw the structure of a section of this polymer. (b) What type of polymerization reaction is required to form Teflon?

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1
Step 1: Identify the monomer used to form Teflon, which is tetrafluoroethylene, with the chemical formula \( \text{F}_2\text{C}=\text{CF}_2 \).
Step 2: Understand that Teflon is formed through a polymerization process where multiple monomer units are linked together to form a long chain.
Step 3: Recognize that the type of polymerization reaction used to form Teflon is addition polymerization, where the double bonds in the monomers open up and link together without the loss of any small molecules.
Step 4: Draw the repeating unit of the polymer by replacing the double bond in the monomer with single bonds, connecting the carbon atoms in a chain, and ensuring that each carbon atom is bonded to two fluorine atoms.
Step 5: Illustrate a section of the polymer chain by repeating the structure of the repeating unit several times, showing how the monomers are linked together to form the polymer.
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Textbook Question

Energy bands are considered continuous due to the large number of closely spaced energy levels. The range of energy levels in a crystal of copper is approximately 1 * 10–19 J. Assuming equal spacing between levels, the spacing between energy levels may be approximated by dividing the range of energies by the number of atoms in the crystal. (b) Determine the average spacing in J between energy levels in the copper metal in part (a).

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Unlike metals, semiconductors increase their conductivity as you heat them (up to a point). Suggest an explanation.
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Sodium oxide (Na2O) adopts a cubic structure with Na atoms represented by green spheres and O atoms by red spheres.

(c) The unit cell edge length is 5.550 Å. Determine the density of Na2O.

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Hydrogen bonding between polyamide chains plays an important role in determining the properties of a nylon such as nylon 6,6 (Table 12.6). Draw the structural formulas for two adjacent chains of nylon 6,6 and show where hydrogen-bonding interactions could occur between them.
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Explain why X-rays can be used to measure atomic distances in crystals but visible light cannot be used for this purpose.
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In their study of X-ray diffraction, William and Lawrence Bragg determined that the relationship among the wavelength of the radiation 1l2, the angle at which the radiation is diffracted 1u2, and the distance between planes of atoms in the crystal that cause the diffraction (d) is given by nl = 2d sin u. X rays from a copper X-ray tube that have a wavelength of 1.54 Å are diffracted at an angle of 14.22 degrees by crystalline silicon. Using the Bragg equation, calculate the distance between the planes of atoms responsible for diffraction in this crystal, assuming n = 1 (first-order diffraction).

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