Ch. 19 The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels
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- Arterial blood pressure increases in response to a. increasing stroke volume, b. increasing heart rate, c. atherosclerosis, d. rising blood volume, e. all of these.
Problem 4
- Which of the following would not result in the dilation of the terminal arterioles and upstream arterioles in systemic capillary beds? a. a decrease in local tissue O₂ content, b. an increase in local tissue CO₂, c. a local increase in histamine, d. a local increase in pH.
Problem 5
- The structure of a capillary wall differs from that of a vein or an artery because a. it has two tunics instead of three, b. there is less smooth muscle, c. it has a single tunic—only the tunica intima, d. none of these.
Problem 6
- The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to a. a decrease in CO₂ , b. changes in arterial pressure, c. a decrease in O₂, d. all of these.
Problem 7
- The myocardium receives its blood supply directly from the a. aorta, b. coronary arteries, c. coronary sinus, d. pulmonary arteries.
Problem 8
- Blood flow in the capillaries is steady despite the rhythmic pumping of the heart because of the a. elasticity of the large arteries, b. small diameter of capillaries, c. thin walls of the veins, d. venous valves.
Problem 9
- Using the letters from column B, match the artery descriptions in column A. (Note that some require more than a single choice.) Column A ____ (1) unpaired branch of abdominal aorta ____ (2) second branch of aortic arch ____ 3) branch of internal carotid ____ (4) branch of external carotid ____ (5) origin of femoral arteries Column B a. right common carotid b. superior mesenteric c. left common carotid d. external iliac e. inferior mesenteric f. superficial temporal g. celiac trunk h. facial i. ophthalmic j. internal iliac
Problem 10
- Tracing the blood from the heart to the right hand, we find that blood leaves the heart and passes through the aorta, the right subclavian artery, the axillary and brachial arteries, and through either the radial or ulnar artery to arrive at the hand. Which artery is missing from this sequence? a. coronary, b. brachiocephalic, c. cephalic, d. right common carotid.
Problem 12
- How is the anatomy of capillaries and capillary beds well suited to their function?
Problem 13
- a. Define blood pressure. Differentiate between systolic and diastolic blood pressure. b. What is the normal blood pressure value for an adult?
Problem 14
- How are nutrients, wastes, and respiratory gases transported to and from the blood and tissue spaces?
Problem 16
- Trace one drop of blood from the time it enters the right atrium until it enters the left atrium. What is this circuit called?
Problem 17
- a. What blood vessels contribute to the formation of the hepatic portal circulation? b. Why is a portal circulation a 'strange' circulation
Problem 17
- Physiologists often consider capillaries and postcapillary venules together. a. What functions do these vessels share? b. Structurally, how do they differ?
Problem 18
- Distinguish between elastic arteries, muscular arteries, and arterioles relative to location, histology, and functional adaptations.
Problem 19
- Explain the reasons for the observed changes in blood flow velocity in the different regions of the circulation.
Problem 21
- Florita Santos, a middle-aged woman, is admitted to the coronary care unit with a diagnosis of left ventricular failure resulting from a myocardial infarction. Her history indicates that she awoke in the middle of the night with severe chest pain. Her skin is pale and cold, and moist sounds are heard over the lower regions of both lungs. Explain how failure of the left ventricle can cause these signs and symptoms.
Problem 22
- How does the control of blood flow to the skin for the purpose of regulating body temperature differ from the control of nutrient blood flow to skin cells?
Problem 22
- Describe neural and chemical (both systemic and local) effects exerted on the blood vessels when you are fleeing from a mugger. (Be careful, this is more involved than it appears at first glance.)
Problem 23
- A 60-year-old man is unable to walk more than 100 yards without experiencing severe pain in his left leg; the pain is relieved by resting for 5–10 minutes. He is told that the arteries of his leg are becoming occluded with fatty material and is advised to have the sympathetic nerves serving that body region severed. Explain how such surgery might help to relieve this man's problem.
Problem 24
- Your friend Jillian, who knows little about science, is reading a magazine article about a patient who had an 'aneurysm at the base of his brain that suddenly grew much larger.' The surgeons' first goal was to 'keep it from rupturing,' and the second goal was to 'relieve the pressure on the brain stem and cranial nerves.' The surgeons were able to 'replace the aneurysm with a section of plastic tubing,' so the patient recovered. Jillian asks you what all this means. Explain.
Problem 25
- The Agawam High School band is playing some lively marches while the coaches are giving pep talks to their respective football squads. Although it is September, it is unseasonably hot (88°F/31°C) and the band uniforms are wool. Suddenly Ryan, the tuba player, becomes light-headed and faints. Explain his fainting in terms of vascular events.
Problem 26
- When we are cold or the external temperature is low, most venous blood returning from the distal part of the arm travels in the deep veins where it picks up heat (by countercurrent exchange) from the nearby brachial artery en route. However, when we are hot, and especially during exercise, venous return from the distal arm travels in the superficial veins and those veins tend to bulge superficially in a person who is working out. Explain why venous return takes a different route in the second situation.
Problem 27
- Edema is a common clinical problem. On your first day of a clinical rotation, you encounter four patients who have edema for different reasons. Your challenge is to explain the edema in terms of either an increase or a decrease in one of the four pressures that causes bulk flow (see Focus Figure 18.1). (1) First you encounter Mrs. Taylor in the medical unit awaiting a liver transplant. What is the connection between liver failure and her edema? (2) Next in the obstetric ward, Mrs. So is experiencing premature labor and has edema in her legs. Which bulk flow pressures might be altered here? (3) In emergency, Mr. Herrera is in anaphylactic shock. His capillaries have become leaky, allowing plasma proteins that are normally kept inside the blood vessels to escape into the interstitial fluid. Which of the bulk flow pressures is altered in this case and in what direction is the change? (4) Finally, in oncology Mrs. O'Leary is recovering from breast cancer surgery. Her right breast and all of her axillary lymph nodes were removed. Unfortunately, this severed most of the lymphatic vessels draining her right arm. You notice that this arm is quite edematous. Why? Mrs. O'Leary is given a compression sleeve to wear on this arm to help relieve the edema. Which of the bulk flow pressures will be altered by the compression sleeve?
Problem 28
