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Problem 11.3a
Match each type of neuroglial cell with its correct function.
____Schwann cells
____Ependymal cells
____Microglial cells
____Oligodendrocytes
____Satellite cells
____Astrocytes
a. Phagocytic cells of the CNS
b. Surround the cell bodies of neurons in the PNS
c. Create the myelin sheath in the PNS
d. Anchor neurons and blood vessels, maintain extracellular environment around neurons, assist in repair of damaged brain tissue
e. Create the myelin sheath in the CNS
f. Ciliated cells in the CNS that produce and circulate the fluid around the brain and spinal cord
Problem 12.11e
Mark the following statements about the spinal cord as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.
e. The corticospinal tracts are the main sensory tracts in the spinal cord.
Problem 12.12a
Fill in the blanks: The tracts of the posterior columns decussate in the_____, whereas the tracts of the anterolateral system decussate in the _____.
Problem 12.13a
Which parts of the body have the greatest amount of space dedicated to them in the primary somatosensory cortex? Why?
Problem 12.14a
Which of the following statements is false?
a. The spinothalamic tracts are part of the anterolateral system.
b. Pain, temperature, and crude touch stimuli are carried by the anterolateral system.
c. Descending pathways from the brain and spinal cord can make the spinal cord less receptive to pain stimuli.
d. The thalamus serves as the 'gateway' for entry of all special sensory stimuli into the cerebral cortex, with the exception of audition (hearing).
Problem 12.15a
Fill in the blanks: The cell bodies of upper motor neurons reside in the_____and function to_____, whereas the cell bodies of lower motor neurons reside in the_____and function to_______.
Problem 12.16a
Label the following components of the corticospinal tracts with numbers 1 through 6, with 1 being the origin of the tracts and 6 their destination.
_____Medullary pyramids where most fibers decussate.
_____Anterior horn of the spinal gray matter.
_____Midbrain and pons.
_____Upper motor neurons in the primary motor and premotor cortices.
_____Corona radiata and internal capsule.
_____Lateral funiculus of the spinal cord.
Problem 12.18a
Which of the following somatic sensations is not carried by the posterior columns?
a. Tactile senses
b. Temperature
c. Proprioception
d. Stretch
Problem 13.1a
Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.
a. The somatic sensory division of the PNS detects sensory stimuli from the organs in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
Problem 13.10a
Merkel cell fibers, tactile corpuscles, Ruffini endings, and lamellated corpuscles are all types of:
a. nociceptors.
b. mechanoreceptors.
c. photoreceptors.
d. chemoreceptors.
Problem 13.1a
Devise a series of physical examination tests that assess the function of each of the cranial nerves.
Problem 13.1a
Complaining of muscle weakness, Delia goes to the doctor. Devise a series of physical examination tests that would help to determine if her problem involves upper or lower motor neurons.
Problem 13.1b
Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.
b. The somatic motor division of the PNS consists of lower motor neurons that directly innervate skeletal muscle fibers.
Problem 13.1d
Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.
d. The term nerve is the equivalent of the term neuron.
Problem 13.11a
Place the following sequence of events for the detection of somatic sensation in the proper order. Place a 1 by the first event, a 2 by the second event, and so on.
a. ______The central process transmits the action potential to a second-order sensory neuron in the CNS.
b. ______The action potential is transferred to the central process in the posterior root ganglion.
c. ______The stimulus triggers an action potential.
d. ______The signal is transferred to other CNS sensory neurons for eventual perception and interpretation.
e. ______The action potential is propagated along the peripheral process of the neuron.
Problem 13.12a
How do upper and lower motor neurons differ?
Problem 13.13a
List and describe the basic steps involved in producing movement, beginning with the upper motor neurons in the cerebral cortex.
Problem 13.14a
The lower motor neurons that innervate contractile skeletal muscle fibers are called:
a. α-motor neurons.
b. β-motor neurons.
c. upper motor neurons.
d. γ-motor neurons.
Problem 13.15a
Fill in the blanks:______detect the degree to which a muscle is stretched, whereas______detect the force of a muscle contraction.
Problem 13.16a
Which of the following is the correct order of events of a reflex arc?
a. Stimulus detection and delivery → motor response → integration in the CNS
b. Motor response → stimulus detection and delivery → integration in the CNS
c. Stimulus detection and delivery → integration in the CNS → delivery of motor response
d. Integration in the CNS → motor response → stimulus detection and delivery
Problem 13.17a
Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.
a. The simple stretch reflex is a monosynaptic reflex with only a single synapse in the spinal cord between the sensory and motor neurons.
Problem 13.17b
Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.
b. The Golgi tendon organs detect stretch in a simple stretch reflex.
Problem 13.17c
Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.
c. A flexion reflex is a monosynaptic reflex with only one synapse in the spinal cord.
Problem 13.18a
Which two cranial nerves mediate the gag reflex?
Problem 13.2a
Fill in the blanks: A spinal nerve divides into a(n)_____ that serves the anterior side of the body and the limbs and a(n)_____that serves the posterior side of the body.
Problem 13.2a
Predict what might happen if nociceptors were rapidly adapting instead of slowly adapting receptors. Would this change be beneficial or potentially harmful?
Problem 13.2a
Jason presents for evaluation after a severe shoulder injury during which his entire brachial plexus suffered damage. What effects would you expect Jason to have from this injury?
Problem 13.3a
Define each of the following terms in your own words, using 20 or fewer words.
a. Peripheral nerve
Problem 13.3a
Explain why you lose both motor and sensory function of a part of your body when a spinal nerve is numbed with anesthetic agents.
Problem 13.3a
When Mr. Williams goes to the emergency department with pain in the area along the midline of the diaphragm, he worries he is having a heart attack. Could the pain be related to his heart? Could it be related to any other organ(s)? Explain.
