Textbook Question
Macronutrients (needed in relatively large amounts) are often listed as CHONPS. What does each of these letters indicate, and why are they needed by the cell?
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Ch. 2 - Chemical Principles
Chapter 2, Problem 8.2a
Identify and mark each of the following on the portion of DNA undergoing replication: replication fork, DNA polymerase, RNA primer, parent strands, leading strand, lagging strand, the direction of replication on each strand, and the 5′ end of each strand. <IMAGE>
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Identify the replication fork, which is the Y-shaped region where the DNA is being unwound.
Locate the DNA polymerase enzyme, which is responsible for adding nucleotides to the growing DNA strand.
Find the RNA primer, a short segment of RNA that provides a starting point for DNA synthesis.
Identify the parent strands, which are the original DNA strands that serve as templates for replication.
Determine the leading strand, which is synthesized continuously in the direction of the replication fork, and the lagging strand, which is synthesized in short segments away from the replication fork.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Replication Fork
The replication fork is the Y-shaped region where the DNA double helix separates into two single strands, allowing for replication to occur. It is formed by the action of helicase, which unwinds the DNA, creating two template strands for new DNA synthesis. Understanding the structure and function of the replication fork is crucial for visualizing how DNA replication progresses.
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04:
Replication Forks
DNA Polymerase
DNA polymerase is the enzyme responsible for synthesizing new DNA strands by adding nucleotides complementary to the template strand. It plays a critical role in both the leading and lagging strands during replication. Knowledge of DNA polymerase's function and its directionality (5' to 3') is essential for understanding how DNA is accurately replicated.
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04:01DNA Polymerases
Leading and Lagging Strands
During DNA replication, the leading strand is synthesized continuously in the same direction as the replication fork, while the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in short segments called Okazaki fragments, opposite to the fork's direction. This difference arises due to the antiparallel nature of DNA strands and the unidirectional activity of DNA polymerase. Recognizing these two strands is vital for comprehending the overall mechanism of DNA replication.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
The term trace elements refers to
a. the elements CHONPS.
b. vitamins.
c. nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur.
d. small mineral requirements.
e. toxic substances.
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Textbook Question
Briefly describe the components of DNA, and explain its functional relationship to RNA and protein.
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Textbook Question
Match the following examples of mutagens. <IMAGE>
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Textbook Question
The following is a code for a strand of DNA.<IMAGE>
a. Using the genetic code provided in Figure 8.8, fill in the blanks to complete the segment of DNA shown.
b. Fill in the blanks to complete the sequence of amino acids coded for by this strand of DNA.
c. Write the code for the complementary strand of DNA completed in part (a).
d. What would be the effect if C were substituted for T at base 10?
e. What would be the effect if A were substituted for G at base 11?
f. What would be the effect if G were substituted for T at base 14?
g. What would be the effect if C were inserted between bases 9 and 10?
h. How would UV radiation affect this strand of DNA?
i. Identify a nonsense sequence in this strand of DNA.
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Textbook Question
Which sequence is the best target for damage by UV radiation: AGGCAA, CTTTGA, or GUAAAU? Why aren’t all bacteria killed when they are exposed to sunlight?
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