Antibodies function to __________ .

a. directly destroy foreign organ grafts

b. mark invading organisms for destruction

c. kill intracellular viruses

d. directly promote cytokine synthesis

e. stimulate T cell growth

When is antigen processing an essential prerequisite for an immune response?

Tc cells recognize epitopes only when the latter are held by __________ .

a. MHC proteins

b. B cells

c. interleukin 2

d. granzyme

MHC class II molecules bind to _________ and trigger __________ .

a. endogenous antigens; cytotoxic T cells

b. exogenous antigens; cytotoxic T cells

c. antibodies; B cells

d. endogenous antigens; helper T cells

e. exogenous antigens; helper T cells

The nearby image is a transmission electron micrograph of a dendritic cell. Indicate where a scientist could find molecules of MHCI and MHC II. Label a pseudopod and a vesicle.

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Why does the body have both antibody and cell-mediated immune responses?

Rejection of a foreign skin graft is an example of __________   .

a. destruction of virus-infected cells

b. tolerance

c. antibody-mediated immunity

d. a secondary immune response

e. a cell-mediated immune response

An autoantigen is ____________  .

a. an antigen from normal microbiota

b. a normal body component

c. an artificial antigen

d. any carbohydrate antigen

e. nucleic acid

Among the key molecules that control cell-mediated cytotoxicity are __________ .

a. perforin

b. immunoglobulins

c. complement

d. cytokines

ie. nterferons

The major class of immunoglobulin found on the surfaces of the walls of the intestines and airways is secretory ___________ .

a. IgG

b. IgM

c. IgA

d. IgE

e. IgD

Which cells express MHC class I molecules in a patient?

a. red blood cells

b. antigen-presenting cells only

c. neutrophils only

d. all nucleated cells

e. dendritic cells only

In which of the following sites in the body can B cells be found?

a. lymph nodes

b. spleen

c. red bone marrow

d. intestinal wall

e. all of the above

To obtain immediate immunity against tetanus, a patient should receive _________.

a. an attenuated vaccine of Clostridium tetani

b. a modified live vaccine of C. tetani

c. tetanus toxoid

d. immunoglobulin against tetanus toxin (antitoxin)

_______ Passive immunotherapy provides more prolonged immunity than active immunization.

Which of the following is a good test to detect rabies virus in the brain of a dog?

a. agglutination

b. hemagglutination inhibition

c. virus neutralization

d. direct fluorescent antibody

In the blank before each description, write the letter of the matching term. Some choices may be used more than once.

1._____ Induces rapid onset of immunity

2._____Induces mainly an antibody response

3. _____Induces good cell-mediated immunity

4. _____Increases antigenicity

5. _____Uses antigen fragments

6. _____Uses attenuated microbes

A. Attenuated viral vaccine

B. Adjuvant

C. Subunit vaccine

D. Immunoglobulin

E. Residual virulence

Identify the chemicals represented by this artist’s conception of an antibody sandwich ELISA.

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Compare and contrast the Chinese practice of variolation with Jenner’s vaccination procedure.

Attenuation is __________.

a. the process of reducing virulence

b. a necessary step in vaccine manufacture

c. a form of variolation

d. similar to an adjuvant

An antiserum is __________.

a. an anti-antibody

b. an inactivated vaccine

c. formed of monoclonal antibodies

d. the liquid portion of blood used for immunization

Monoclonal antibodies __________.

a. are produced by hybridomas

b. are secreted by clone cells

c. can be used for passive immunization

d. all of the above

The study of antibody-antigen interaction in the blood is __________.

a. attenuation

b. agglutination

c. precipitation

d. serology

Anti–human antibody antibodies are _________.

a. found in immunocompromised individuals

b. used in direct fluorescent immunoassays

c. formed by animals reacting to human immunoglobulins

d. an alternative method in ELISA

Which of the following vaccine types is commonly given with an adjuvant?

a. attenuated vaccine

b. modified live vaccine

c. chemically killed vaccine

d. immunoglobulin

What are the advantages and disadvantages of attenuated vaccines?

_______ It is standard to attenuate killed virus vaccines.

The two columns on the left show negative and positive immunoblot results for a particular pathogen. The numbered columns are blots of samples from 11 patients. Which patients are most likely uninfected?

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Which of the following viruses was widely used in living vaccines?

a. coronavirus

b. poliovirus

c. influenzavirus

d. retrovirus

Compare the advantages and disadvantages of passive immunotherapy and active immunization.

______ One single serological test is inadequate for an accurate diagnosis of HIV infection.