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Identify the biomolecule that forms glycosidic bonds between monomer units. Glycosidic bonds are characteristic of carbohydrates, so the first row corresponds to carbohydrates with basic components being monosaccharides (simple sugars).

For the second row, the biomolecule with glycerol and fatty acids as basic components and ester bonds as the covalent linkage is lipids (specifically triglycerides).

For RNA, determine its basic components. RNA is composed of nucleotides, which include a ribose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base. The covalent linkage between nucleotides in RNA is a phosphodiester bond.

For proteins, identify the basic components and the type of covalent bond. Proteins are made of amino acids linked by peptide bonds (also called amide bonds).

For the last row, where the basic components are nucleotides (dNTPs), this corresponds to DNA. The covalent linkage between nucleotides in DNA is also a phosphodiester bond.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Biomolecules and Their Basic Components

Biomolecules are large molecules essential for life, composed of smaller units called monomers. For example, carbohydrates are made of monosaccharides, lipids of glycerol and fatty acids, nucleic acids of nucleotides, and proteins of amino acids. Understanding these basic components helps identify the structure and function of each biomolecule.

Types of Covalent Linkages Between Monomers

Monomers in biomolecules are linked by specific covalent bonds: glycosidic bonds connect sugar units in carbohydrates, ester bonds link glycerol and fatty acids in lipids, phosphodiester bonds join nucleotides in nucleic acids, and peptide bonds link amino acids in proteins. Recognizing these bonds is crucial for understanding biomolecular structure.

Nucleotides and Their Role in RNA and DNA

Nucleotides, composed of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base, are the monomers of nucleic acids like RNA and DNA. RNA contains ribonucleotides, while DNA contains deoxyribonucleotides (dNTPs). These nucleotides are linked by phosphodiester bonds to form the backbone of nucleic acid strands.

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Textbook Question

Acids donate _______________________ to an aqueous solution, which will lead to a(n) _______________________ in pH. In contrast, bases donate _______________________ to an aqueous solution and will _______________________ the pH. The pH of a solution with more OH⁻

than H⁺ will have a(n) _______________________ pH.

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Textbook Question

Indicate the true statements and then correct the false statements so that they are true.

a. Isotopes are atoms with differing numbers of protons and the same number of neutrons.

b. A cation is a positive ion.

c. Redox reactions create ions.

d. Equal sharing of electrons leads to polar covalent bonds.

e. Ions are charged atoms.

f. CO₂ is an inorganic molecule.

g. Isomers have the same molecular formula but different structures.