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Problem 5.19a
Quorum sensing helps cells
a. mutate
b. form biofilms
c. carry out transduction
d. copy their DNA
e. perform conjugation
Problem 7.11a
Label each statement that follows as true or false, and correct the false statements so they
are true:
a. Most pathogens would be considered mesophilic alkaliphiles.
b. Sterilization is a form of decontamination.
c. Disinfection is a form of decontamination.
d. High-level germicides achieve sterilization.
e. Ionizing radiation is a form of chemical microbial control.
f. Standard pasteurization is a way to sterilize milk.
Problem 7.12a
You have a patient who is suffering from a Clostridioides difficile infection. Which of the following would most likely be recommended to decontaminate small heat-stable
equipment used for the patient? (NCLEX/HESI/TEAS)
a. Autoclave all equipment at 121°C for 15 minutes.
b. Boil equipment for 3 minutes.
c. Place the equipment in a hot-air oven at 121°C for 15 minutes.
d. Treat all equipment with a detergent solution.
e. None of the above.
Problem 7.13a
Choose the false statement about turbidity as an enumeration method.
a. It is an indirect enumeration method.
b. It is performed using a spectrophotometer.
c. It must be done using a liquid culture.
d. It differentiates between live and dead cells.
e. It is a rapid enumeration method.
Problem 7.14a
_____________ microbes use oxygen in metabolism, while _____________ do not.
Problem 7.15a
If you were a manufacturer of electronic pacemakers for heart implantation, which agent
would you most likely use to treat your product? (NCLEX/HESI/TEAS)
a. Ethanol
b. Iodophor
c. Glutaraldehyde
d. Autoclave
e. Ethylene oxide
Problem 7.16a
You are collecting a sample from a deep wound for analysis by the clinical microbiology
lab. Which of the following is not a consideration as you undertake this process?
(NCLEX/HESI/TEAS)
a. Avoiding the skin as the wound is swabbed
b. Using an anaerobic culture tube
c. Disinfecting the tube before collecting the sample
d. Washing your hands before and after sample collection
e. Using complex media
Problem 7.17a
The _____________ is the time needed to kill 90 percent of a given microbial population at a set temperature. The _____________ is the lowest temperature needed to kill all microbes in a sample within 10 minutes.
Problem 7.18a
Which of the following is (are) true? Select all that apply. (NCLEX/HESI/TEAS)
a. Scalpels are critical equipment.
b. Endoscopes are noncritical equipment.
c. Stethoscopes are noncritical equipment.
d. Anesthesia tubing is semicritical equipment.
e. Critical equipment contacts intact skin.
Problem 7.20a
While hiking, Huda wants to ensure that the river water is clean enough to drink and will not cause any intestinal infections. How could she treat water from a stream so that it is safe to drink?
Problem 7.4a
Which of the following pathogens would hyperbaric oxygen therapy, a treatment that increases the level of dissolved oxygen in tissues, most likely ward off? Select all that apply. (NCLEX/HESI/TEAS)
a. Anaerobic thermophile
b. Anaerobic mesophile
c. Facultative anaerobic thermophile
d. Facultative anaerobic mesophile
e. Microaerophilic mesophile
Problem 7.6a
Match the term to the proper description(s). A term can have more than one description. <IMAGE>
Problem 7.7a
In a closed batch system, not all cells are expected to die, even as the death phase advances. Why?
Problem 7.8a
Which direct enumeration method differentiates living from nonliving cells?
a. Manual cell counts
b. Measuring dry weight of cells
c. Viable plate count
d. Measuring biochemical activity
e. Coulter counter
Problem 7.9a
Match the term to the proper description(s). A term can have more than one description. <IMAGE>
Problem 15.1a
A broad-spectrum drug is best described as
a. bactericidal against a wide range of species.
b. bacteriostatic against a wide range of species.
c. effective against a wide range of species.
d. empiric therapy.
e. selectively toxic.
Problem 15.10a
Assume a bacterium makes beta-lactamase. Could you still use a glycopeptide drug to treat an infection caused by this bacterium? Explain your reasoning.
Problem 15.12a
If a gene encoding a bacterial transpeptidase enzyme undergoes mutation, which of the following antimicrobials may no longer be effective against the mutated bacterium?
a. Macrolides
b. Polypeptide drugs
c. Tetracyclines
d. Penicillins
e. Quinolones
Problem 15.14a
Mark the following as true or false, and then correct the false statements so they are true.
a. Human cells make drug efflux pumps.
b. The minimum bactericidal concentration is the minimum concentration of the drug that kills at least 50 percent of the bacteria present.
c. The E-test can reveal if a drug is bactericidal or bacteriostatic.
d. A drug that is bactericidal at one dose may be bacteriostatic at another dose.
e. The antifolate combination therapy trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole may be used to treat protozoan infections.
Problem 15.15a
Why is it challenging to obtain selectively toxic drugs against fungi, protozoans, and viruses?
Problem 15.16a
Choose the false statement(s). Select all that apply. (NCLEX/HESI/TEAS)
a. Antifungal drugs may target cholesterol in fungal cell membranes.
b. Azole and polyene drugs promote cell lysis by impacting fungal cell plasma membranes.
c. Echinocandin drugs inhibit fungal cell wall synthesis.
d. Antifungal drugs may target DNA replication.
e. Antifungal drugs may target protein synthesis.
Problem 15.17a
Match the antimicrobial drug to its feature. Some features may be used more than once, and some may not be used at all.
<IMAGE>
Problem 15.18a
Which sensitivity test is best for determining the minimum bactericidal concentration and the minimum inhibitory concentration of a drug?
Problem 15.2a
A patient who is not a healthcare worker is diagnosed with C. difficile pseudomembranous colitis. What most likely led to this infection? (NCLEX/HESI/TEAS)
a. The patient was recently treated with a bacteriostatic drug.
b. The patient was recently treated with a broad-spectrum drug.
c. The patient was treated with a bactericidal drug.
d. The patient recently became immune compromised and therefore had an increased risk for infection.
e. The patient was recently exposed to someone with an active C. difficile infection.
Problem 15.3a
Match the antimicrobial drug class to its action. You may assign more than one drug class to a given action and some actions may not be applicable. <IMAGE>
Problem 15.4a
A patient has an uncomplicated infection with a Gram-negative bacterium. He also has a history of penicillin allergy. Which drug is the best treatment option for this patient? (NCLEX/HESI/TEAS)
a. Ampicillin
b. A first-generation cephalosporin
c. A carbapenem
d. Isoniazid
e. Azithromycin
Problem 15.5a
Which drug family would be the most effective to treat a patient diagnosed with a MRSA infection? (NCLEX/HESI/TEAS)
a. Penicillins
b. Third-generation cephalosporins
c. Carbapenems
d. Lincosamides
e. Aminoglycosides
Problem 15.6a
What advantages might a semisynthetic antimicrobial drug have over an antibiotic?
Problem 15.7a
Choose the true statement(s) about therapeutic index (TI). Select all that apply. (NCLEX/HESI/TEAS)
a. A drug with a high therapeutic index would be effective above the dose at which it is potentially toxic.
b. A narrow TI is preferable.
c. A drug for which the maximum safe dose is close to the minimum effective dose would have a high TI.
d. It is one measure of a drug’s general safety.
e. A drug that is not selectively toxic would most likely have a high TI.
Problem 15.9a
Which of the following antimicrobial properties would be the most crucial to consider in developing a new antimicrobial? (NCLEX/HESI/TEAS)
a. Selective toxicity
b. Ease of administration
c. Lack of drug interactions
d. Long half-life
e. The drug’s capacity to be bactericidal