Antigen ________ is a scenario in which pathogen antigens resemble host antigens. Antigen ________ is a scenario in which the pathogen changes its antigens. These are just a couple of ways that pathogens may avoid host immune system detection.

What is IgA protease, and what effect would it possibly have on host immune function?

Indicate the true statements and correct the false statements so they are true.

a. B cells are activated by antigen-presenting cells.

b. T cytotoxic cells are activated by antigens bound to MHC I.

c. Upon activation, T helper cells stimulate T cytotoxic cells and B cells.

d. IgG is the first antibody made during a primary response.

e. T-dependent antigens rely on TH cells to activate B cells.

Choose the false statement about T cytotoxic cells.

a. They stimulate B cells.

b. They destroy virus-infected cells.

c. They destroy cancer cells.

d. They are activated by MHC I bound to antigens on APCs.

e. They mediate the cellular branch of adaptive immunity.

Where do T cells undergo self-tolerance selection?

Which of the following is not a function of antibodies?

a. Opsonization

b. Activating complement proteins

c. Activating T helper cells

d. Enhancing phagocytosis

e. Antigen neutralization

The distinct feature of an antigen that stimulates an adaptive immune response is called a(n) ________________.

Match the cell to its stated feature. Some features will be assigned more than once.

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What is opsonization, and which antibodies have opsonizing activity?

Why is a second signal useful in T cell activation?

Select all the false statements about artificially acquired immunity. (NCLEX/HESI/TEAS)

a. It can be passive.

b. It can be active.

c. It may be generated by vaccines.

d. It is a form of autoimmunity.

e. It may generate memory cells.

f. An example includes the transfer of antibodies across the placenta.

List the antibody isotype(s) that exhibit the stated feature. Some features will be assigned to more than one antibody.

Feature:

Most abundant antibody in serum

Made as a dimer

Stimulates allergic responses

Does not cross the placenta

Considered a complement activator

Rare antibody that’s poorly characterized

Main antibody in breast milk and mucus

Dominates the secondary immune response

Made early in the course of infection

Made in a primary immune response

Label the indicated parts of the antibody.

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In which of the following scenarios would administering immunoglobulins be useful? Select all that apply. (NCLEX/HESI/TEAS)

a. To neutralize a toxin

b. To aid a patient who is immune compromised

c. After venom exposure

d. To block IgM from crossing the placenta

e. To protect a premature infant from respiratory syncytial virus

In which of the following scenarios would administering immunoglobulins be useful? Select all that apply. (NCLEX/HESI/TEAS)

a. To neutralize a toxin

b. To aid a patient who is immune compromised

c. After venom exposure

d. To block IgM from crossing the placenta

e. To protect a premature infant from respiratory syncytial virus

Match the T helper cell subset to its function. Some choices may not be used, and some may be used more than once.

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Complete the table to indicate which MHCs are present for each cell.

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Why are packed red blood cells not tissue typed? Select all that apply. (NCLEX/HESI/TEAS)

a. Red blood cells lack MHC II.

b. Red blood cells lack MHC I.

c. Red blood cells can’t stimulate an immune response.

d. Red blood cells aren’t transferred to others.

e. Red blood cells don’t make antibodies and therefore do not need to be typed.

Which of the following does not generate long-term immunological memory? Select all that apply. (NCLEX/HESI/TEAS)

a. Antivenom

b. Antitoxins

c. Vaccinations

d. Breast-feeding

e. Antigens

T helper cells activate B cells to become ________________, which make ________________.

Compare and contrast T-dependent and T-independent antigens.

Which type of hypersensitivity is not antibody mediated?

a. Type I hypersensitivities

b. Type II hypersensitivities

c. Type III hypersensitivities

d. Type IV hypersensitivities

e. Antibodies mediate all of these.

Which of the following is (are) true regarding type III hypersensitivity reactions? Select all that apply. (NCLEX/HESI/TEAS)

a. They involve IgG.

b. They involve IgM.

c. They are considered delayed reactions.

d. They include autoimmune disorders like multiple sclerosis.

e. They are rare compared with type I reactions.

Which of the following is the most likely to lead to graft-versushost disease? (NCLEX/HESI/TEAS)

a. An allogeneic bone marrow transplant

b. An allogeneic liver transplant

c. A xenogeneic heart valve transplant

d. An isogenic bone marrow transplant

e. A xenogeneic skin graft

A patient has developed a type III reaction to a drug. Which of the following is the most immediate action required? (NCLEX/HESI/TEAS)

a. Lower the patient’s fever.

b. Stop administration of the drug.

c. Treat the patient’s skin rash to avoid possible infections.

d. Hook the patient up to an IV for rehydration therapy.

e. Administer antihistamines to limit the response

Indicate the true statements, and then reword the false statements so they are true.

a. Immunodeficiencies are associated with a decreased cancer risk.

b. Type I reactions are mediated by IgG antibodies.

c. Autoimmune disorders are not caused by type I hypersensitivities.

d. Systemic lupus is mainly mediated by a type III hypersensitivity.

e. A person with type 0- blood is called a universal donor.

f. Immunotherapies are useful to reduce type II reactions.

Which of the following would be recommended as a means to diagnose a type I sensitivity? Select all that apply. (NCLEX/HESI/TEAS)

a. Skin prick test

b. IgG titers

c. IgM titers

d. IgE titers

e. Histamine levels

Which of the following is the most suggestive of an anaphylactic reaction? (NCLEX/HESI/TEAS)

a. Sudden fever

b. A localized rash

c. Nasal congestion

d. Hemorrhage

e. Respiratory distress

Which patient would be the most likely to benefit from

desensitization immunotherapy? (NCLEX/HESI/TEAS)

a. A person suffering from serum sickness

b. A person at risk for HDN during pregnancy

c. A person with an allergy to pollen

d. A transplant patient

e. An asthmatic patient

List the applicable hypersensitivities (type I, II, III, IV) as they relate to the description. Note, more than one type of hypersensitivity may be listed for a given description.

IgG antibodies can mediate type _________________hypersensitivities.

T cells mediate type _________________ hypersensitivities.

Type _________________ hypersensitivities may be generated in response to pharmaceutical drugs.

Type _________________ hypersensitivities may be associated with autoimmunity.

Type _________________ hypersensitivities require a sensitizing exposure.

IgE antibodies can mediate type _________________hypersensitivities.