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Ch. 15 - Gene Mutation, DNA Repair, and Transposition
Chapter 15, Problem 22

It is estimated that about 0.2 percent of human mutations are due to TE insertions, and a much higher degree of mutational damage is known to occur in some other organisms. In what way might a TE insertion contribute positively to evolution?

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Transposable Elements (TEs)

Transposable elements, or TEs, are DNA sequences that can change their position within the genome. They can cause mutations by inserting themselves into or near genes, potentially disrupting normal gene function. However, TEs can also create genetic diversity, which is a key driver of evolution.
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Mutational Effects

Mutations can have various effects on an organism, ranging from neutral to beneficial or harmful. TE insertions can lead to new gene functions or regulatory changes, which may enhance an organism's adaptability to its environment. This process can contribute to evolutionary innovation by providing raw material for natural selection.
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Evolutionary Adaptation

Evolutionary adaptation refers to the process by which a species becomes better suited to its environment through genetic changes. TE insertions can introduce new traits that may confer advantages, such as increased resistance to diseases or improved metabolic functions, thereby facilitating the survival and reproduction of organisms in changing environments.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
Compare DNA transposons and retrotransposons. What properties do they share?
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Textbook Question

Speculate on how improved living conditions and medical care in the developed nations might affect human mutation rates, both neutral and deleterious.

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Textbook Question
In maize, a Ds or Ac transposon can alter the function of genes at or near the site of transposon insertion. It is possible for these elements to transpose away from their original insertion site, causing a reversion of the mutant phenotype. In some cases, however, even more severe phenotypes appear, due to events at or near the mutant allele. What might be happening to the transposon or the nearby gene to create more severe mutations?
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Textbook Question
Describe the 'end-replication problem' in eukaryotes. How is it resolved?
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Textbook Question
The SOS repair genes in E. coli (discussed in Chapter 15) are negatively regulated by the lexA gene product, called the LexA repressor. When a cell's DNA sustains extensive damage, the LexA repressor is inactivated by the recA gene product (RecA), and transcription of the SOS genes is increased dramatically. One of the SOS genes is the uvrA gene. You are a student studying the function of the uvrA gene product in DNA repair. You isolate a mutant strain that shows constitutive expression of the UvrA protein. Naming this mutant strain uvrAᶜ, you construct the diagram shown above in the right-hand column showing the lexA and uvrA operons: Outline a series of genetic experiments that would use partial diploid strains to determine which of the two possible mutations you have isolated.
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Textbook Question
The human genome contains approximately 10⁶ copies of an Alu sequence, one of the best-studied classes of short interspersed elements (SINEs), per haploid genome. Individual Alu units share a 282-nucleotide consensus sequence followed by a 3'-adenine-rich tail region [Schmid (1998)]. Given that there are approximately 3 x 10⁹ base pairs per human haploid genome, about how many base pairs are spaced between each Alu sequence?
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