Fraud in science is rare but does happen occasionally. In 1999, the creation of three superheavy elements (one new) was claimed when 208Pb was bombarded with 86Kr. The claim was subsequently found to be fraudulent and was with-drawn. Identify the isotopes X, Y, and Z that were claimed.

Verified step by step guidance

1. Identify the atomic numbers and mass numbers of the reactants in the chemical equation. For lead (Pb), the atomic number is 82 and the mass number is 208. For krypton (Kr), the atomic number is 36 and the mass number is 86.
2. Understand that the bombardment process involves the fusion of the nuclei of the two reactants. This means adding together the atomic numbers and mass numbers of the reactants.
3. Calculate the total atomic number by adding the atomic numbers of lead and krypton. This will give you the atomic number of the new element formed.
4. Calculate the total mass number by adding the mass numbers of lead and krypton. This will give you the mass number of the new element formed.
5. The isotopes X, Y, and Z that were claimed can be identified by considering different possible combinations of protons and neutrons that sum up to the calculated mass number, while the atomic number remains constant as calculated.

Key Concepts

Nuclear Reactions

Nuclear reactions involve the transformation of atomic nuclei through processes such as fusion or fission. In the context of superheavy elements, these reactions typically occur when lighter nuclei collide at high energies, resulting in the formation of heavier isotopes. Understanding the mechanics of these reactions is crucial for identifying the products formed during the bombardment of lead (Pb) with krypton (Kr).

Isotopes

Isotopes are variants of a chemical element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons, resulting in different atomic masses. In the case of superheavy elements, isotopes are often unstable and can undergo radioactive decay. Identifying the specific isotopes produced in a nuclear reaction is essential for verifying claims about the creation of new elements.

Element Discovery and Verification

The discovery of new elements requires rigorous verification through repeated experiments and peer review. Claims of new superheavy elements must be substantiated by clear evidence, including the detection of characteristic decay patterns and isotopic signatures. Understanding the scientific process of discovery and the importance of reproducibility is vital in evaluating the legitimacy of claims in nuclear chemistry.