(b) Concentrations of lead in the bloodstream are often quoted in units of μg/dL. Averaged over the entire country, the mean concentration of lead in the blood was measured to be 1.6 μg/dL in 2008. Express this concentration in ppb.

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand that ppb (parts per billion) is a unit of concentration that is equivalent to micrograms of solute per liter of solution (μg/L).
2. Recognize that the given concentration is in μg/dL, which means micrograms per deciliter.
3. Convert the concentration from μg/dL to μg/L by using the conversion factor: 1 dL = 0.1 L. Therefore, multiply the given concentration by 10 to convert it to μg/L.
4. Since 1 μg/L is equivalent to 1 ppb, the concentration in μg/L is numerically equal to the concentration in ppb.
5. Conclude that the concentration in ppb is the same as the concentration in μg/L after conversion.

Key Concepts

Units of Concentration

Concentration can be expressed in various units, including micrograms per deciliter (μg/dL) and parts per billion (ppb). Understanding these units is crucial for converting between them, as they represent different scales of measurement. Specifically, 1 μg/dL is equivalent to 10 ppb, which is important for accurately interpreting and comparing concentration data.

Conversion Factors

Conversion factors are numerical values used to convert one unit of measurement to another. In this case, the conversion from μg/dL to ppb involves knowing that 1 μg/dL equals 10 ppb. Mastery of conversion factors is essential in chemistry for ensuring that calculations involving different units are performed correctly and consistently.

Blood Lead Levels and Health Implications

Lead concentration in the bloodstream is a significant health concern, as elevated levels can lead to serious health issues, particularly in children. Understanding the implications of lead exposure and the significance of measuring blood lead levels in ppb helps contextualize the importance of monitoring and regulating environmental lead sources to protect public health.