(a) Which of these compounds is an exception to the octet rule: carbon dioxide, water, ammonia, phosphorus trifluoride, or arsenic pentafluoride?

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Understand the octet rule: The octet rule states that atoms tend to form compounds in ways that give them eight valence electrons, achieving a stable electron configuration similar to noble gases.

Identify the compounds given: carbon dioxide (CO₂), water (H₂O), ammonia (NH₃), phosphorus trifluoride (PF₃), and arsenic pentafluoride (AsF₅).

Analyze each compound: Determine the number of valence electrons around the central atom in each compound to see if it follows the octet rule.

Consider exceptions to the octet rule: Some elements can have more than eight electrons (expanded octet), such as phosphorus and arsenic, which are in the third period or beyond.

Evaluate arsenic pentafluoride (AsF₅): Arsenic can have an expanded octet, accommodating more than eight electrons, making it an exception to the octet rule.

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Related Practice

Textbook Question

Mothballs are composed of naphthalene, C₁₀H₈, a molecule that consists of two six-membered rings of carbon fused along an edge, as shown in this incomplete Lewis structure:(a) Draw all of the resonance structures of naphthalene. How many are there?

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Textbook Question

Mothballs are composed of naphthalene, C₁₀H₈, a molecule that consists of two six-membered rings of carbon fused along an edge, as shown in this incomplete Lewis structure:

(b) Do you expect the C—C bond lengths in the molecule to be similar to those of C—C single bonds, C ═ C double bonds, or intermediate between C—C single and C ═ C double bonds?

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Textbook Question

Mothballs are composed of naphthalene, C₁₀H₈, a molecule that consists of two six-membered rings of carbon fused along an edge, as shown in this incomplete Lewis structure:

(c) Not all of the C—C bond lengths in naphthalene are equivalent. Based on your resonance structures, how many C—C bonds in the molecule do you expect to be shorter than the others?

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Textbook Question

(b) Which of these compounds or ions is an exception to the octet rule: borohydride (BH4-), borazine (B3N3H6, which is analogous to benzene with alternating B and N in the ring), or boron trichloride?

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Open Question

Draw the dominant Lewis structures for these chlorine–oxygen molecules/ions: ClO, ClO^-, ClO₂^-, ClO₃^-, ClO₄^-. Which of these do not obey the octet rule?

Textbook Question

For Group 13–17 elements in the third row of the periodic table and beyond, the octet rule is often not obeyed. A friend of yours says this is because these heavier elements are more likely to make double or triple bonds. Another friend of yours says that this is because the heavier elements are larger and can make bonds to more than four atoms at a time. Which friend is more correct?

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