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Ch.11 - Liquids and Intermolecular Forces
Chapter 11, Problem 87

Naphthalene (C10H8) is the main ingredient in traditional mothballs. Its normal melting point is 81 °C, its normal boiling point is 218 °C, and its triple point is 80 °C at 1000 Pa. Using the data, construct a phase diagram for naphthalene, labeling all the regions of your diagram.

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Identify the key points for the phase diagram: the triple point, normal melting point, and normal boiling point.
Plot the triple point on the phase diagram at 80 °C and 1000 Pa. This is where the solid, liquid, and gas phases coexist.
Mark the normal melting point at 81 °C on the temperature axis. Since this is at 1 atm (101325 Pa), draw a line from the triple point to this point to represent the solid-liquid equilibrium line.
Mark the normal boiling point at 218 °C on the temperature axis. Again, since this is at 1 atm, draw a line from the normal melting point to this point to represent the liquid-gas equilibrium line.
Label the regions: below the solid-liquid line is the solid phase, between the solid-liquid and liquid-gas lines is the liquid phase, and above the liquid-gas line is the gas phase.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Phase Diagram

A phase diagram is a graphical representation that shows the phases of a substance as a function of temperature and pressure. It typically includes regions representing solid, liquid, and gas phases, as well as lines that indicate phase transitions, such as melting and boiling points. Understanding how to read and construct a phase diagram is essential for visualizing the behavior of substances under varying conditions.
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Melting and Boiling Points

The melting point is the temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid, while the boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid turns into a gas. For naphthalene, the melting point is 81 °C and the boiling point is 218 °C. These points are critical for determining the boundaries between different phases in a phase diagram and help in identifying the conditions under which naphthalene exists as a solid, liquid, or gas.
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Triple Point

The triple point of a substance is the unique set of conditions at which all three phases (solid, liquid, and gas) coexist in equilibrium. For naphthalene, the triple point occurs at 80 °C and 1000 Pa. This concept is important for constructing a phase diagram, as it marks a specific point where the phase boundaries meet, providing insight into the stability of each phase under varying temperature and pressure.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question

The following table gives the vapor pressure of hexafluorobenzene (C6F6) as a function of temperature: (a) By plotting these data in a suitable fashion, determine whether the Clausius–Clapeyron equation (Equation 11.1) is obeyed. If it is obeyed, use your plot to determine ∆Hvap for C6F6.

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Textbook Question

Suppose the vapor pressure of a substance is measured at two different temperatures. (a) By using the Clausius–Clapeyron equation (Equation 11.1) derive the following relationship between the vapor pressures, P1 and P2, and the absolute temperatures at which they were measured, T1 and T2: (b) Gasoline is a mixture of hydrocarbons, a component of which is octane (CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3). Octane has a vapor pressure of 13.95 torr at 25 °C and a vapor pressure of 144.78 torr at 75 °C. Use these data and the equation in part (a) to calculate the heat of vaporization of octane. (c) By using the equation in part (a) and the data given in part (b), calculate the normal boiling point of octane. Compare your answer to the one you obtained from Exercise 11.81. (d) Calculate the vapor pressure of octane at - 30 °C.

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Textbook Question
The following data present the temperatures at which certain vapor pressures are achieved for dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) and methyl iodide (CH3I): (c) The order of volatility of these two substances changes as the temperature is increased. What quantity must be different for the two substances for this phenom- enon to occur?
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Open Question
A watch with a liquid crystal display (LCD) does not function properly when it is exposed to low temperatures during a trip to Antarctica. Explain why the LCD might not function well at low temperature.
Textbook Question

A particular liquid crystalline substance has the phase diagram shown in the figure. By analogy with the phase diagram for a nonliquid crystalline substance, identify the phase present in each area.

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Textbook Question

In Table 11.3, we saw that the viscosity of a series of hydrocarbons increased with molecular weight, doubling from the six-carbon molecule to the ten-carbon molecule.

(a) The eight-carbon hydrocarbon, octane, has an isomer, isooctane. Would you predict that isooctane would have a larger or smaller viscosity than octane? Why?

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