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Ch.8 - Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding
Chapter 8, Problem 89b

Although I3- is a known ion, F3- is not. (b) One of your classmates says that F3- does not exist because F is too electronegative to make bonds with another atom. Give an example that proves your classmate is wrong.

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1
Understand the concept of electronegativity: Electronegativity is a measure of an atom's ability to attract and hold onto electrons. Fluorine is the most electronegative element, which means it strongly attracts electrons in a bond.
Consider the nature of chemical bonding: Despite its high electronegativity, fluorine can form bonds with other atoms, including other fluorine atoms, as seen in the molecule F2, where two fluorine atoms share a pair of electrons.
Explore the concept of polyatomic ions: Polyatomic ions are ions composed of two or more atoms covalently bonded together, carrying a net charge. The I3- ion is an example of a polyatomic ion where iodine atoms are bonded together.
Identify a known example of fluorine bonding with another atom: Fluorine can form stable compounds with other elements, such as in the case of HF (hydrogen fluoride), where fluorine is bonded to hydrogen.
Conclude with the possibility of fluorine forming bonds: While F3- is not a known ion, the existence of compounds like F2 and HF demonstrates that fluorine can indeed form bonds with other atoms, contradicting the claim that its electronegativity prevents bonding.

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Textbook Question

A major challenge in implementing the 'hydrogen economy' is finding a safe, lightweight, and compact way of storing hydrogen for use as a fuel. The hydrides of light metals are attractive for hydrogen storage because they can store a high weight percentage of hydrogen in a small volume. For example, NaAlH4 can release 5.6% of its mass as H2 upon decomposing to NaH(s), Al(s), and H2(g). NaAlH4 possesses both covalent bonds, which hold polyatomic anions together, and ionic bonds. (b) Which element in NaAlH4 is the most electronegative? Which one is the least electronegative? Which element in NaAlH4 is the least electronegative?

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Textbook Question

A major challenge in implementing the 'hydrogen economy' is finding a safe, lightweight, and compact way of storing hydrogen for use as a fuel. The hydrides of light metals are attractive for hydrogen storage because they can store a high weight percentage of hydrogen in a small volume. For example, NaAlH4 can release 5.6% of its mass as H2 upon decomposing to NaH(s), Al(s), and H2(g). NaAlH4 possesses both covalent bonds, which hold polyatomic anions together, and ionic bonds. (c) Based on electronegativity differences, predict the identity of the polyatomic anion. Draw a Lewis structure for this ion.

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Textbook Question

A major challenge in implementing the 'hydrogen economy' is finding a safe, lightweight, and compact way of storing hydrogen for use as a fuel. The hydrides of light metals are attractive for hydrogen storage because they can store a high weight percentage of hydrogen in a small volume. For example, NaAlH4 can release 5.6% of its mass as H2 upon decomposing to NaH(s), Al(s), and H2(g). NaAlH4 possesses both covalent bonds, which hold polyatomic anions together, and ionic bonds. (d) What is the formal charge on hydrogen in the polyatomic ion?

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Textbook Question

Although I3- is a known ion, F3- is not. (c) Another classmate says F3- does not exist because it would violate the octet rule. Is this classmate possibly correct?

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Textbook Question

Calculate the formal charge on the indicated atom in each of the following molecules or ions: (a) the central oxygen atom in O3 (b) phosphorus in PF6- (c) nitrogen in NO2 (d) iodine in ICl3 (e) chlorine in HClO4 (hydrogen is bonded to O).

Textbook Question

The hypochlorite ion, ClO-, is the active ingredient in bleach. The perchlorate ion, ClO4-, is a main component of rocket propellants. Draw Lewis structures for both ions. (b) What is the formal charge of Cl in the perchlorate ion, assuming the Cl—O bonds are all single bonds?

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