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Ch. 28 - Green Algae and Land Plants
Chapter 27, Problem 8

Explain the difference between homosporous and heterosporous plants. Where are the microsporangium and megasporangium found in a tulip? What happens to the spores that are produced by these structures?

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Homosporous plants produce only one type of spore that typically develops into a bisexual gametophyte, which contains both male and female reproductive organs. Heterosporous plants, on the other hand, produce two distinct types of spores: microspores (which develop into male gametophytes) and megaspores (which develop into female gametophytes).
In a tulip, which is a type of angiosperm, the microsporangia are found within the anthers of the flower. The anthers are the part of the stamen where pollen is produced.
The megasporangium in a tulip is located within the ovary, specifically in the ovules. Each ovule contains a megasporangium where megaspores are formed.
The microspores produced in the microsporangium (anthers) develop into pollen grains, which are the male gametophytes. These pollen grains are then released and can fertilize the female gametophytes.
The megaspores produced in the megasporangium (ovules) develop into female gametophytes within the ovule. After fertilization by pollen, the ovule develops into a seed, which can grow into a new plant.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Homosporous vs. Heterosporous Plants

Homosporous plants produce a single type of spore that develops into a gametophyte capable of producing both male and female gametes. In contrast, heterosporous plants generate two distinct types of spores: microspores, which develop into male gametophytes, and megaspores, which develop into female gametophytes. This differentiation allows for more complex reproductive strategies and greater genetic diversity.
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Microsporangium and Megasporangium

In flowering plants like tulips, the microsporangium is located within the anthers of the stamen, where it produces microspores that develop into pollen grains. The megasporangium, found within the ovule of the ovary, produces megaspores that develop into the female gametophyte. These structures are essential for sexual reproduction, facilitating the formation of gametes.
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Fate of Spores

The spores produced by microsporangia and megasporangia serve different roles in plant reproduction. Microspores develop into pollen grains, which are involved in fertilization by transferring male gametes to the female ovule. Megaspores, on the other hand, typically undergo mitotic divisions to form the female gametophyte, which will produce eggs for fertilization, ultimately leading to seed development.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question

What does it mean to say that a life cycle is gametophyte dominant versus sporophyte dominant?

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Textbook Question

Soils, water, and the atmosphere are major components of the abiotic (nonliving) environment. Describe how green plants affect the abiotic environment in ways that are advantageous to humans.

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Textbook Question

The evolution of cuticle presented plants with a challenge that threatened their ability to live on land. Describe this challenge, and explain why stomata represent a solution. Compare and contrast stomata with the pores found in liverworts.

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Textbook Question

Angiosperms such as grasses, oaks, and maples are wind pollinated. The ancestors of these subgroups were probably pollinated by insects, however. As an adaptive advantage, why might a species 'revert' to wind pollination? (Hint: Think about the costs and benefits of being pollinated by insects versus wind.) Why is it logical to observe that wind-pollinated species usually grow in dense stands containing many individuals of the same species? Why is it logical to observe that in wind-pollinated deciduous trees, flowers form very early in spring—before leaves form?

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Textbook Question

You have been hired as a field assistant for a researcher interested in the evolution of flower characteristics in orchids. Design an experiment to determine whether color, size, shape, scent, or amount of nectar is the most important factor in attracting pollinators to a particular species. Assume that you can change any flower's color with a dye and that you can remove petals or nectar stores, add particular scents, add nectar by injection, or switch parts among species by cutting and gluing.

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Textbook Question

Moss sperm are motile and capable of swimming short distances to fertilize an egg. However, it was unknown until recently how sperm make their way from male to female gametophytes that may be separated by a distance of several centimeters or more. Researchers hypothesized that small animals called springtails (a type of arthropod) facilitate sperm transfer in mosses. To test this hypothesis, the researchers grew patches of male and female mosses at varying distances from each other and in the presence or absence of springtails. They later checked to see how many sporophytes were found in each female patch (as an indicator that fertilization had occurred). Their results are shown in the graph here (** means P<0.01, * means P>0.05. What conclusions can be drawn about the role of the springtails during the reproductive cycle of the mosses?

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