In mitochondria, exergonic redox reactions a. are the source of energy driving prokaryotic ATP synthesis. b. provide the energy that establishes the proton gradient. c. reduce carbon atoms to carbon dioxide. d. are coupled via phosphorylated intermediates to endergonic processes

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand the context of the question: The question is about the role of exergonic redox reactions in mitochondria, which are involved in cellular respiration processes.
2. Recall the definition of exergonic reactions: Exergonic reactions release energy, and in the context of mitochondria, these reactions involve the transfer of electrons in the electron transport chain.
3. Identify the role of the proton gradient: In mitochondria, the energy released from exergonic redox reactions is used to pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, creating a proton gradient.
4. Connect the proton gradient to ATP synthesis: The proton gradient established by these reactions provides the necessary energy for ATP synthase to synthesize ATP, an endergonic process that requires energy input.

Key Concepts

Exergonic Reactions

Exergonic reactions are chemical processes that release energy, often in the form of heat or light. In biological systems, these reactions are crucial for driving cellular processes, including ATP synthesis. The energy released during these reactions can be harnessed to perform work, such as moving ions across membranes or synthesizing complex molecules.

Proton Gradient

A proton gradient refers to the difference in proton concentration across a membrane, which creates potential energy. In mitochondria, this gradient is established by the electron transport chain during cellular respiration. The energy stored in this gradient is used by ATP synthase to produce ATP, a key energy currency in cells.

Redox Reactions

Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons between molecules, resulting in oxidation (loss of electrons) and reduction (gain of electrons). These reactions are fundamental in cellular respiration, where they facilitate the conversion of energy stored in nutrients into usable forms, such as ATP. The coupling of redox reactions with phosphorylation processes is essential for efficient energy transfer in cells.