Calculating Vmax - Video Tutorials & Practice Problems
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concept
Calculating Vmax
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Video transcript
In this video, we're going to begin our discussion on some of the tools that we have to calculate the theoretical maximal reaction velocity or the V max. And so it turns out that the Vmax can actually be calculated in multiple ways. And we're really going to talk about 2 primary ways to calculate the Vmax. And so the first way that the v max can be calculated is just by algebraic rearrangement. It can be calculated by algebraic rearrangement, specifically of the Michaelis Menten or the Lineweaver Burk equations. And so down below in our example, we're going to algebraically rearrange the Michaelis Menten equation to solve for the v max. And so notice down below what we have is the Michaelis Menten equation right here on the left and on the right what we have is the Lineweaver Burk equation. And so what we need to recall is that the Lineweaver Burk equation is literally just the reciprocal of the Michaelis Menten equation. And so that means that the relationship between the Michaelis Menten and the Lineweaver Burk equations is that they are reciprocals of one another. And so they can be pretty easily, interconverted, between each other. And so, essentially starting over here with the Michaelis Menten equation, we can solve for the v max. So we want to isolate and solve for this variable. And we can start off by essentially just moving this entire denominator here. And so what we can do is just move this denominator up into this side right here. And we can do that by multiplying both sides of our equation here by the denominator, Kilometers plus substrate concentration. And what that does is it gets rid of the denominator on the right side, so we're just left with the v max times the substrate concentration on the right, and then on the left side, all we have is the initial reaction velocity times this denominator, so, essentially the initial reaction velocity times the Kilometers plus the substrate concentration. So now, again, we want to continue to isolate and solve for this v max just like we're being asked to do in the example. And so what we can do is get rid of this substrate concentration by dividing both sides of the equation by the substrate concentration. Substrate concentration on the right And of course we're going to have the same, expression that we had up above, so we're going to have the initial velocity times the Kilometers plus the substrate concentration on the top and all divided by the substrate concentration, that we needed to do to get rid of this on the right. And so what you can see here is we've algebraically rearranged the Michaelis Menten equation to solve for the v max, and so this is actually an expression that we can use to solve for the, to calculate the v max and some of our practice problems. And so, essentially we'll be able to utilize some of this moving forward in our course. But in our next lesson video, we're going to talk about second major way that we can use to calculate the vmax. So I'll see you guys in that video.
2
concept
Calculating Vmax
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5m
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Video transcript
So in addition to calculating the v max through algebraic rearrangement of the Michaelis Menten and the Lineweaver Burk equations, we can also calculate the v max through rate laws. And so what we need to recall from our previous lesson videos is that the Vmax is actually directly proportional to both the product formation rate constant, which is k 2, and the total enzyme concentration. And so we did cover this in some of our previous lesson videos. And so, recall that biochemists mainly focus on measuring and plotting the initial reaction velocity or the v naught of enzyme catalyzed reactions. And so we know that the initial reaction velocity or the v naught is also expressed as the change in the concentration of product over the change in time. And so, because it's the product concentration that is relevant to biochemists, they actually focus on measuring the initial reaction velocity of the product formation step in our typical enzyme catalyzed reaction. And so notice down below what we have is our typical enzyme catalyzed reaction, and we know that this is the initial reaction because notice that the rate constant k minus 2 here is being ignored. It's negligible. So, catalyzed reaction, and notice that with this initial enzyme catalyzed reaction. And notice that with this initial enzyme catalyzed reaction, there's only one rate constant that affects the change in the product concentration, and that is the rate constant k 2. And so that's why biochemists are mainly focused on the product formation step of an enzyme catalyzed reaction and the rate law for the product formation step. And so down below, what we have is the rate law for the product formation step. And so we know that the rate law is really just another way to express reaction velocities, and so it's going to be the rate law is going to be the initial reaction velocity, which is equal to the rate constant, which is going to be k 2 for the product formation step. So we can say it's equal to k 2, times the concentration of the reactant. And so for this product formation reaction right here, the reactant of this reaction is actually the enzyme substrate complex. So it's gonna be times the concentration of the enzyme substrate complex, and then we know it's going to be raised to the power of the reaction order. And because this is a simple enzyme catalyzed reaction, we know that the coefficient, which is essentially 1 here, is going to be the reaction order. So we can assume that it's a one and so what we're saying is that it's this expression right here that is the rate law for the product formation step. And again, this is all review information from our previous lesson video, so no new information in this video. And so, the next thing that we need to recall from our previous lesson videos is that this initial reaction velocity, so this initial reaction velocity v naught, is really, the velocity that has the best chance at approaching the theoretical maximal velocity v max. And again, that's what we're interested in calculating in this video, is the v max. And so what we can say is that there is this possibility of variable substitution where we can substitute the initial reaction velocity V naught with the Vmax. And that's exactly what we're going to do with this rate law down below. So, recall that it's really, conditions that are under saturating substrate concentrations where the initial reaction velocity saturating substrate concentrations, we can actually so under saturating substrate concentrations, we can actually take the initial reaction velocity in the rate law for the product formation step and substitute it with the, Vmax. And so that's exactly what we've done here, substituted the initial reaction velocity with the Vmax. And also recall that under saturating substrate concentrations, all of the enzyme, the total enzyme concentration, is going to be associated with substrate. There's so much substrate because it's saturating. And so that means that the total enzymes, concentration is going to approximately equal the concentration of the enzyme substrate complex. And so what that means is we can take the enzyme substrate complex here and substitute it with the total enzyme concentration. And so that's exactly what we're doing here. We're substituting the, concentration of the enzyme substrate complex with the total enzyme concentration. And of course, this, rate law here is still going to be the rate law for the product formation step, so it's still going to be k 2 here. And so, essentially, what we're going to do is to be k 2 here. And so, essentially, what we're saying is that this here is another way calculate the, v max of a reaction, through this rate law. And so moving forward with our practice problems, we're going to need to identify which of the two methods do we need to use to calculate for the v max. And so we'll be able to get some practice making these decisions and our practice problems. So I'll see you guys there.
3
example
Calculating Vmax Example 1
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6m
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Video transcript
Alright. So here we have an example problem that wants us to calculate the maximum reaction velocity or the vmax of an enzyme if the Michaelis constant kilometers is equal to 7 millimolar and the initial reaction velocity or v naught is equal to 86 0.71 micromolar per second when the substrate concentration is equal to 25 millimolar. And so in our previous lesson videos, we talked about 2 predominant ways of calculating the maximum reaction velocity v max. And so of these two ways, we can see that in this problem that we're neither given the product formation rate constant k2 or the total enzyme concentration, which means that we're not gonna be able to use this method here to calculate the v max, and that means that we're going to need to algebraically rearrange the Michaelis Menten equation to solve for the v max. And And so, recall from our previous lesson videos that we can do that by multiplying both sides of the equation by the denominator to move it up here, and then dividing both sides of the equation by the substrate concentration to move that away over here so that Vmax is all by itself. And so when we do that what we end up getting is an equation that says that v max is going to be equal to the initial reaction velocity times the Kilometers plus the substrate concentration, all divided by the substrate concentration. And so, essentially, all we need to do to calculate the v max in this problem is to plug in the values that we have for these variables. However, what we need to note is that these variables here are in different units. So the Kilometers is in units of millimolar, the substrate concentration is also in units of millimolar, but the initial reaction velocity is in units of micromolar per second. And all of our answer options have units of molarity. And so what this means is we might as well convert all of these units of concentration into units of molarity so that it matches one of our answer options. And so we need to do that first before we try plugging in the values into our expression. And so, if we take this initial reaction velocity, the 86.71 micro molars, so if we take 86 points, first off let's write, this is for the initial reaction velocity, and, we said that it's 86.71 micromolar, per second. Let's exclude the second, we'll put the seconds back in afterwards, but we want to convert this micromolar into molarity so that it matches our answer option. So, what we know is that there are 10 to the 6 micromolar in 1 molarity. So, all we need to do is take 80 7 86.71 and divide it by 10 to the 6, and we'll get an answer of 8.671 times 10 to the negative 5th, and this is going to be in units of molarity. So now that we've converted units of molarity, we can bring back in this seconds that we had, before. So we can just bring that in. So that's our initial reaction velocity that we're going to plug in, here. For the k m, we're told that the k m is equal to 7 millimolar. And so, for 7 millimolar, we want to convert that into molarity as well so that they're all matching the units. So we know that there are 1,000 millimolar and 1 molar, and so, this allows our unit to cancel. So if we take 7 and divide it by a 1,000, we'll get the answer of 0.007 molar. And so this is our new Kilometers. And then of course last but not least, we have our substrate concentration, which we're told is 25 millimolar, so again we want to convert that all into units of molarity so that they're matching. So again, we know that there are 1,000 millimolar and 1 molar, 1 molar, so that allows our units to cancel. And so 25 divided by a1000 is going to be equal to 0.025 molar. And so now we have all of our units matching matching, and so now we can plug in these values into our expression over here. So, if we rewrite this we'll have the v max, which is what we're calculating for, is going to equal our v naught which we converted into these units here. So, it's going to be 8.671 times 10 to the negative 5th, and this is gonna be units of mol, molarity per second. And we'll put this in parenthesis altogether, so that's our initial reaction velocity. And this is gonna be multiplied by our k m, which is, 0.007, 0.007 molar, and, plus our substrate concentration, which is now in units of molarity as well, 0.025 molar. And so, this is all going to be divided by the substrate concentration, which again is 0 0.025 molar. And so don't forget that you always want to do the parentheses first here, So what you want to do in your calculators is add up 0.007 plus 0.025, and, take the answer of that and multiply it by 8.671 times 10 to the negative 5th molarity per second. And then take the answer of all of that and divide it by 0.025 molar. And when you do that, what you'll get is that the v max is going to be equal to approximately 1.11 times 10 to the negative 4th and the units are going to be molarity per second. And so notice that this answer option here, 1.11 times 10 to the negative 4th molarity per second matches with answer option c. And so we can indicate that c here is the correct answer for this problem. And, that concludes concludes our example here, so I'll see you guys in our practice problems where we can get more practice applying these concepts.
4
Problem
Problem
Suppose an enzyme (MW = 5,000 g/mole) has a concentration of 0.05 mg/L. If the kcat is 1 x 104 s-1, what is the theoretical maximum reaction velocity for the enzyme?
A
1050 µM/s.
B
100 µM/s.
C
150 µM/s.
D
105 µM/s.
5
Problem
Problem
For a Michaelis-Menten enzyme, what is the value of Vmax if at 1/10 Km, the V0 = 1 μmol/min.
A
1.5 μmol/min.
B
11 μmol/min.
C
19 μmol/min.
D
103 μmol/min.
E
μmol/min.
6
Problem
Problem
Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the hydration of CO2. The Km of carbonic anhydrase for CO2 is 12 mM. The initial velocity (V0) of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction was 4.5 μmole*mL-1*sec-1 when [CO2] = 36 mM. Calculate the Vmax of carbonic anhydrase.
A
8.1 x 102 M s-1.
B
6 x 10-3 M s-1.
C
2.5 x 10-4 M s-1.
D
7.3 x 10-5 M s-1.
7
Problem
Problem
Triose phosphate isomerase catalyzes the conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) during glycolysis; however, this is a reversible reaction. The Km of the enzyme for G3P is 1.8 x 10 -5 M. When [G3P] = 30 μM, the initial rate of the reaction (V0) = 82.5 μmole*mL-1*sec-1. Calculate the Vmax.