Lipid Hormone Signaling - Video Tutorials & Practice Problems
On a tight schedule?
Get a 10 bullets summary of the topic
1
concept
Lipid Hormone Signaling
Video duration:
4m
Play a video:
Video transcript
Alright. So here we're going to briefly revisit our map of the lesson on biosignalling pathways, which is down below right here. And of course, we know that we've been exploring this map by following the left most branches first. And already in our previous lesson videos, we've covered g coupled protein receptors or GPCRs, and we've talked about all of these different branches in our previous lesson videos. And we've also talked about the receptor tyrosine kinases or RTKs. And we've covered the insulin and insulin receptor and talked about 2 different insulin RTK signaling pathways, 1 on glucose metabolism that included PI 3 k, PIP 3, PKB, and PDK 1, and another insulin RTK signaling pathway that was as a growth factor that included both the RAS pathway and the MATK pathway. The RAS pathway, which included grb 2, SAWS, and RAS, and the MAP k pathway, which included RAF 1, MEK, and ERK. And we also discussed in our previous lesson videos a variation of an RTK, which was the jack stat signaling pathway. And so now that we've covered all of the GPCRs and all of the RTKs that we're going to cover here in our course, we can finally move on to the final branch of our bio signaling map, which is over here, and we're going to discuss lipid hormone signaling. So let's get started with that. So here we're going to begin our introduction to lipid hormone signaling. And so recall from our previous lesson videos that hormones are really just defined as signaling molecules that are going to be released by a cell or gland that can travel and affect distant cells in other areas of the body. Now moving forward in our course, we're mainly going to talk about 2 main types of hormones, paracrine hormones and endocrine hormones. Now paracrine hormones are going to travel short distances, and only affect cells that are nearby in the vicinity of the synthesis of the paracrine hormone. Whereas, endocrine hormones, on the other hand, are released into the bloodstream, and we know that our bloodstream pretty much extends to all of the cells in our body. And so once endocrine hormones are released into the bloodstream, they could pretty much travel through the bloodstream long distances to their target cell. And so if we take a look at our image down below, notice that we're going to distinguish between, the top half of the image and the bottom half of the the image. And so the top half is showing us the paracrine hormones, and again the paracrine hormones are going to travel short distances, whereas the bottom half of the image down below is showing us the endocrine hormones, which again are going to travel long distances and affect, target cells at a greater distance in different areas of the body. And so paracrine hormones, again, they travel short distances and only affect nearby cells in the area of its synthesis. And so notice over here on the left, we're showing you a signaling cell that's creating this green paracrine hormone here, and it's binding to the receptors on this specific target cell. And so the target cell is expressing the correct receptor to respond to the signals that the signaling cell is creating. And this is going to elicit a bio signaling pathway in the target cell that leads to a cell response. But really the main difference here is paracrine hormones are traveling short distances here affecting a neighboring target cell. Now if we take a look at the endocrine hormone down below the bottom half, again, it's going to travel long distances, and this is because the signaling cell that's creating the endocrine hormone is going to be, is going to be secreting the endocrine hormone into the bloodstream. And, of course, once it's in the bloodstream, it can diffuse long, long distances to completely different areas of the body and affect target cells in different areas of the body. And so here we have a target cell that's expressing the correct receptor here to respond to the endocrine hormone, and that's going to elicit a bio signaling pathway in the target cell that leads to a cell response. But, again, the main difference here is paracrine hormones travel short distances, whereas endocrine hormones travel long distances because they are secreted into the bloodstream. And so this here concludes our introduction to hormones, specifically paracrine and endocrine hormones. And as we move along in our course, we'll be able to talk more and more about lipid hormone signaling. And so I'll see you guys in our next video.
2
Problem
Problem
What is the major difference between paracrine and endocrine signaling?
A
Paracrine signaling regulates nearby cells, and endocrine signaling regulates target cells far away.
B
Paracrine signaling regulates target cells far away, and endocrine signaling regulates nearby cells.
C
Paracrine signaling regulates target cells with action potentials, endocrine signaling regulates with hormone signals.
D
Endocrine signaling regulates target cells with action potentials, paracrine signaling regulates with hormone signals.
E
None of the above are correct.
3
Problem
Problem
Upon secretion, a chemical messenger (hormone) binds its receptors on other cells that were nearby. The hormone was secreted in such low concentration that it did not have any effect on distant cells, even though those distant cells had the appropriate receptors. We would best classify this hormone as a(n):
A
Endocrine hormone.
B
Paracrine hormone.
C
Autocrine hormone.
D
Both an autocrine hormone and an endocrine hormone.
4
concept
Lipid Hormone Signaling
Video duration:
4m
Play a video:
Video transcript
So here in this video, we're going to continue to talk about lipid hormone signaling. More specifically, we're going to focus on how lipid hormones are capable of diffusing straight through the plasma membrane. Now what's important to note is that most hormones are either proteins such as insulin, amino acid derivatives such as epinephrine, or steroids such as estrogen. And so recall that way back in some of our previous lesson videos, we actually did cover steroid hormones when we talked about lipids, and so we know that these steroid hormones are really just defined as these hydrophobic molecules that are derived from cholesterol. Now the hydrophobic nature of these lipid steroid hormones is really really important because this allows lipid hormones to commonly bind to intracellular receptors. And these intracellular receptors are going to be found on the inside of cells, either in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus. And this is very, very different from the non lipid hormones that we talked about in our previous lesson videos, because non lipid hormones don't really have this hydrophobic nature, and so they are going to bind exclusively to extracellular portions of receptors in the plasma membrane. And so if we take a look at our image down below, notice that the non lipid hormones that we talked about in our previous lesson videos, such as Epinephrine and Insulin, are going to bind specifically to the extracellular portions of receptors that are embedded in the cell's plasma membrane. But the non lipid hormones are not capable of diffusing directly through the plasma membrane or into the nuclear membrane. And again, that's because the nature of non lipid hormones, is not really hydrophobic enough, to allow them to diffuse directly through plasma membranes. However, when it comes to lipid hormones on the other hand such as estrogen, notice that they are capable of diffusing directly through the plasma membrane to have a direct effect on the metabolic response, or they could diffuse through the plasma membrane and through the nuclear membrane to have a direct effect on gene expression, responses. Whereas again, the non lipid hormones have to bind to the extracellular portions and they have to go through signal transduction in order to have their effect on metabolic response or gene expression. And so, notice that some lipid hormones, can also have the capability of binding to extracellular portions of receptors as well, and they can also lead to signal transduction in some cases as well that leads to metabolic responses or gene expression responses. But, you can see how lipid hormones can be diverse. They can bind to extracellular portions. They can diffuse directly through the plasma membrane, or they can diffuse through the plasma membrane and through the nuclear membrane. And so a scientist or a researcher needs to be really, really aware of the type of hormone that they're working with. Because if they're working with non lipid hormones, then they know for sure that they're going to bind to extracellular portions of receptors. But if they're working with lipid hormones, then they need to be aware that lipid hormones are capable of either binding to extracellular portions of receptors, but they're also capable of diffusing directly through plasma membranes and nuclear membranes as well to have a more direct effect on metabolic response and gene expression responses. And so this here concludes our lesson on how lipid hormones have the ability to diffuse through plasma membranes unlike non lipid hormones. And so we'll be able to get some practice applying these concepts as we move forward in our course, so I'll see you guys in our next video.
5
Problem
Problem
The main difference between hormones that have intracellular receptors and those that have cell membrane receptors is that the former tend to be _______: