Answer questions 5 through 10 by choosing responses from the following: a. ammonium ions b. bicarbonate c. calcium d. chloride e. hydrogen ions f. magnesium g. phosphate h. potassium i. sodium j. water Two ions produced during catabolism of glutamine.

Verified step by step guidance

1. Identify the process of catabolism of glutamine and its role in the body.
2. Understand that glutamine is an amino acid that can be broken down in the kidneys.
3. Recognize that during the catabolism of glutamine, certain ions are released as byproducts.
4. Recall that one of the primary ions produced during this process is ammonium ions (NH4+).
5. Note that another ion commonly associated with this process is bicarbonate (HCO3-), which helps in maintaining acid-base balance.

Key Concepts

Catabolism of Glutamine

Catabolism of glutamine refers to the metabolic process where glutamine, an amino acid, is broken down to produce energy and various metabolites. This process is crucial in cellular metabolism, particularly in tissues with high energy demands, such as the brain and immune cells. During this breakdown, various ions and molecules are released, which can influence physiological functions.

Ions in Metabolism

Ions are charged particles that play vital roles in various biochemical processes, including enzyme activity, nerve transmission, and muscle contraction. In the context of glutamine catabolism, specific ions such as ammonium and bicarbonate are produced, which can affect acid-base balance and nitrogen metabolism in the body. Understanding the role of these ions is essential for grasping metabolic pathways.

Ammonium and Bicarbonate Ions

Ammonium ions (NH4+) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) are two key products of glutamine catabolism. Ammonium is a byproduct of amino acid degradation and can be toxic in high concentrations, while bicarbonate plays a crucial role in maintaining pH balance in the body. Their production during glutamine metabolism highlights the interconnectedness of amino acid catabolism and acid-base homeostasis.