25. The Urinary System

Which of the following is NOT a purpose of tubular reabsorption?

Which of the following solutes are primarily reabsorbed by primary active transport?

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In the proximal tubule, _________ ions are pumped out of the tubule via ____________ transport. This creates an ____________ gradient, causing water to be reabsorbed through _______________.

101

In the proximal tubule, _________ ions are pumped out of the tubule via ____________ transport. This creates an ____________ gradient, causing water to be reabsorbed through _______________.

101

Predict what would happen if the tubule wall of the descending limb suddenly lost all its aquaporins.

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Dr. Miller is a pediatric nutritionist working with a patient who has a low dietary calcium intake. Concerned about the possibility of hypocalcemia, she orders bloodwork. What hormone would you expect to be elevated in this patient’s bloodwork?

100

Ryan just ate a very protein-rich meal. Because of this, the amino acid levels in his blood currently exceed the transport maximum and the renal threshold for amino acids (65 mg/dL). What will happen to the excess amino acids?

116

The reason glucose is detected in the urine of individuals with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus is that __________.

In which section of the nephron is the process of reabsorption influenced by hormones?

1193

Water can leave the ascending limb of the nephron loop.

993

The descending limb of the nephron loop is relatively impermeable to solutes and freely permeable to water.

How is Na⁺ reabsorbed?

663

When the concentration of ADH increases, __________.

1027

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

d. ADH triggers water reabsorption from the nephron loop.

165

Explain how the peritubular capillaries are adapted for receiving reabsorbed substances.

240

Describe what is involved in active and passive tubular reabsorption.

242

Tubular reabsorption a. of glucose and many other substances is a Tₘ -limited active transport process, b. of chloride is always linked to the passive transport of Na⁺ , c. is the movement of substances from the blood into the nephron, d. of sodium occurs only in the proximal tubule.

303

Glucose is not normally found in the urine because it a. does not pass through the walls of the glomerulus, b. is kept in the blood by colloid osmotic pressure, c. is reabsorbed by the tubule cells, d. is removed by the body cells before the blood reaches the kidney.

430

Which is reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule cells? a. Na⁺, b. K⁺, c. amino acids, d. all of the above.

319

Two physiology students are having a disagreement about renal function. Dan says that the kidneys work harder when you eat a high-salt diet, whereas Peter says that they work harder when you drink lots of water. Who is right, and why?

259

Trace the pathway a uric acid molecule takes from a glomerulus to the urethra. Name every gross or microscopic structure it passes through on its journey.

327

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

a. Sodium ions and glucose are cotransported into the proximal tubule cell by secondary active transport.

138

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

b. The distal tubule reabsorbs sodium ions and secretes potassium and hydrogen ions in response to ADH.

145

Dilute urine is produced when decreased levels of______ are secreted:

a. aldosterone

b. atrial natriuretic peptide

c. ADH

d. none of the above

154

Fill in the blanks: The kidneys produce _____ urine when the osmolarity of the body's fluids increases. They produce _____urine when the osmolarity of the body's fluids decreases.

218

Trace the pathway taken by a molecule of urea through the kidney from the glomerulus to the renal pelvis if the urea is recycled.

236

Why must the kidneys establish a concentration gradient in the interstitial fluid of the renal medulla in order to produce concentrated urine?

218

Drugs that treat hypertension, or high blood pressure, have the following actions. Discuss the specific effect that each drug will have on the kidneys.

c. Blocking the Na+/Cl−/2K+ transport pumps in the thick ascending limb of the nephron loop

137

How does aldosterone modify the chemical composition of urine?

192