22. The Respiratory System

During expiration, which action contributes to the movement of air out of the lungs during eupnea, or quiet breathing?

Which muscle is used for inspiration during both eupnea and forced breathing?

Which of the following does not affect the efficiency of pulmonary gas exchange?

a. The surface area of the respiratory membrane

b. The degree of match of ventilation to perfusion

c. The percent saturation of hemoglobin

d. The thickness of the respiratory membrane

Which of the following statements about pulmonary ventilation is false?

a. Normal expiration requires the use of the expiratory muscles to decrease lung volume.

b. The inspiratory muscles increase lung volume, which decreases intrapulmonary pressure.

c. For inspiration to occur, intrapulmonary pressure must decrease below atmospheric pressure.

d. The intrapleural pressure is less than the intrapulmonary pressure; this prevents the lungs from collapsing during expiration.

Match each term with the correct definition     

____Airway resistance     

____Surface tension     

____Surfactant     

____Pulmonary compliance     

____V/Q ratio

a. A detergent-like chemical secreted by bronchial smooth muscle that reduces surface tension

b. The matching of ventilation to perfusion

c. Largely determined by the diameter of the airways

d. Caused by the formation of hydrogen bonds between water molecules

e. Determined by the surface tension of the alveoli, the elastic tissue of the lungs, and the condition of the chest wall

If you swallow a large bite of food without properly chewing it first, you will feel discomfort during ventilation. Explain this, considering the arrangement of the trachea and the esophagus.

At the end of inspiration, the intrapulmonary pressure is equal to ____________.

Predict what would happen to the tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume if the phrenic nerves were severed. Which muscles would contract to try to compensate for this?

Why does air rush into the lungs during an inhale or inspiration?

When the volume of air in the lungs is the greatest:

Explain what would happen to the pressure inside a cylinder if you decreased its volume, according to Boyle's law.

Which muscle is likely to be contracting while blowing up a balloon?

What happens to the metabolic rate of skeletal muscle tissue during exercise? What waste products are produced from metabolic reactions? How and why does this affect your rate of ventilation during exercise?