Skip to main content
Ch. 16 - Adaptive Immunity
Chapter 13, Problem 17.5a

Explain how a pregnancy test works at the molecular level.

Verified step by step guidance
1
A pregnancy test detects the presence of the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in urine.
hCG is produced by the placenta shortly after the embryo attaches to the uterine lining.
The test strip contains antibodies that are specific to hCG, which are immobilized on the test line.
When urine is applied to the test strip, it moves along the strip by capillary action.
If hCG is present, it binds to the antibodies on the test line, causing a color change that indicates a positive result.

Verified Solution

Video duration:
2m
This video solution was recommended by our tutors as helpful for the problem above.
Was this helpful?

Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Hormones in Pregnancy

During pregnancy, the body produces specific hormones, notably human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). This hormone is secreted by the placenta shortly after a fertilized egg attaches to the uterine lining. The presence of hCG in urine or blood is a key indicator of pregnancy, making it essential for the function of pregnancy tests.
Recommended video:
Guided course
01:57
False Positives/Negatives

Immunoassay Technique

Pregnancy tests typically utilize an immunoassay technique, which involves antibodies that specifically bind to hCG. In a typical test, a sample of urine is applied to a test strip containing these antibodies. If hCG is present, it will bind to the antibodies, triggering a visible change, such as a color change, indicating a positive result.
Recommended video:
Guided course
02:05
Map of Techniques for Cultivating Microbes

Detection Threshold

Pregnancy tests have a detection threshold, which is the minimum concentration of hCG required to produce a positive result. This threshold is crucial because it determines the test's sensitivity and accuracy. Tests that can detect lower levels of hCG can provide earlier results, while those with higher thresholds may miss early pregnancies.
Recommended video:
Guided course
06:49
Mutant Detection