What does the term HAI (nosocomial infection) have to do with patient care?

List Koch’s postulates, and explain why they are significant.

Given that resistant strains of pathogens are a concern to the general health of a population, what can be done to prevent their development?

For each of the following statements that is true, write “true” in the blank. For each statement that is false, write the word(s) that should be substituted for the underlined word(s) to make the statement correct.

__________ Most cyanobacteria form heterocysts in which nitrogen fixation occurs.

Bacteria that convert nitrogen gas into ammonia are __________ .

a. nitrifying bacteria

b. nitrogenous

c. nitrogen fixers

d. nitrification bacteria

In which type of symbiosis do both members benefit from their interaction?

a. mutualism

b. parasitism

c. commensalism

d. pathogenesis

Endotoxin, also known as ___________, is part of the outer (wall) membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.

List four types of symbiotic relationships, and give an example of each.

Infections that may go unnoticed because of the absence of symptoms are called __________ infections.

List three conditions that create opportunities for pathogens to become harmful in a human.

List three portals through which pathogens enter the body.

The most frequent portal of entry for pathogens is ___________ .

a. the respiratory tract

b. the skin

c. the conjunctiva

d. a cut or wound

List Koch’s four postulates, and describe situations in which not all may be applicable.

The process by which microorganisms attach themselves to cells is __________ .

a. infection

b. contamination

c. disease

d. adhesion

Diseases that are naturally spread from their usual animal hosts to humans are called ___________ .

List in the correct sequence the five stages of infectious diseases.

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in infectious diseases?

a. incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline, convalescence

b. incubation, decline, prodromal period, illness, convalescence

c. prodromal period, incubation, illness, decline, convalescence

d. convalescence, prodromal period, incubation, illness, decline

Nonliving reservoirs of disease, such as a toothbrush, drinking glass, and needle, are called __________ .

Describe three modes of disease transmission.

Which of the following are most likely to cause disease?

a. opportunistic pathogens in a weakened host

b. pathogens lacking the enzyme kinase

c. pathogens lacking the enzyme collagenase

d. highly virulent organisms

__________ infections are those acquired by patients or staff while in health care facilities.

Describe the parenteral route of infection.

The total number of cases of a disease in a given area is its __________.

In general, contrast transient microbiota with resident microbiota.

When pathogenic bacterial cells lose the ability to make adhesins, they typically                  .

a. become avirulent

b. produce endotoxin

c. absorb endotoxin

d. increase in virulence

An animal that carries a pathogen and also serves as host for the pathogen is a ___________ vector.

Contrast the terms infection and morbidity.

In which of the following diseases would a patient experience a pseudomembrane covering the tonsils, pharynx, and larynx?

a. tuberculoid leprosy

b. diphtheria

c. arrhythmia

d. tetanus

For each of the following diseases or conditions, indicate the genus (or genera) of bacterium that causes it.

___ Scalded skin syndrome

___ Osteomyelitis

___ Pharyngitis

___ Scarlet fever

___ Pyoderma

___ Rheumatic fever

___ Glomerulonephritis

___ Sinusitis

___ Otitis media

___ Anthrax

___ Myonecrosis

___ Diphtheria

___ Leprosy

___ Dental caries

___ Acne

A. Staphylococcus

B. Streptococcus

C. Mycobacterium

D. Listeria

E. Propionibacterium

F. Corynebacterium

G. Bacillus

H. Clostridium

I. Actinomyces

Why are mycoplasmas able to survive a relatively wide range of osmotic conditions, even though these bacteria lack cell walls?