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Ch. 4 - Gene Interaction
Chapter 4, Problem 7

Provide a definition and an example for each of the following terms:

concordance of twin pairs

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Understand that 'concordance of twin pairs' refers to the probability or rate at which both twins exhibit a particular trait or disorder if one twin has it.
Recognize that concordance is often used in studies involving monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal) twins to assess the genetic and environmental contributions to a trait.
Note that a high concordance rate in monozygotic twins compared to dizygotic twins suggests a strong genetic component to the trait.
Consider an example: If a study finds that 80% of monozygotic twins both have a specific trait when one twin has it, while only 40% of dizygotic twins do, this indicates a genetic influence.
Remember that concordance rates can help differentiate between traits that are largely genetic versus those that are more influenced by environmental factors.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Concordance Rate

Concordance rate refers to the percentage of twin pairs that share a particular trait or condition. It is a crucial measure in genetic studies, particularly in understanding the heritability of traits. For example, if 70% of identical twins both have a certain genetic disorder, the concordance rate for that disorder is 70%. This metric helps researchers assess the influence of genetics versus environment on various traits.
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Types of Twins

There are two main types of twins: identical (monozygotic) and fraternal (dizygotic). Identical twins arise from a single fertilized egg that splits into two, sharing 100% of their genetic material. In contrast, fraternal twins develop from two separate eggs fertilized by two different sperm cells, sharing about 50% of their genetic material. Understanding these differences is essential for interpreting concordance rates accurately.
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Environmental Influences

Environmental influences play a significant role in the expression of genetic traits. Even among genetically identical twins, differences in upbringing, lifestyle, and experiences can lead to variations in traits. This concept is vital when analyzing concordance rates, as a high concordance in identical twins suggests a strong genetic component, while lower rates in fraternal twins indicate the impact of environmental factors.
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