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Ch.7 - Quantum-Mechanical Model of the Atom
Chapter 7, Problem 64

Sketch the 3d orbitals. How do the 4d orbitals differ from the 3d orbitals?

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Atomic Orbitals

Atomic orbitals are regions in an atom where there is a high probability of finding electrons. They are defined by quantum numbers and come in various shapes, including s, p, d, and f orbitals. Each type of orbital has a distinct shape and energy level, influencing the arrangement of electrons in an atom.
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Atomic Orbitals Example

Quantum Numbers

Quantum numbers are numerical values that describe the unique quantum state of an electron in an atom. The principal quantum number (n) indicates the energy level, while the azimuthal quantum number (l) defines the shape of the orbital. For d orbitals, l equals 2, and for f orbitals, l equals 3, which affects their spatial orientation and energy.
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Principal Quantum Number

Differences Between 3d and 4d Orbitals

The 3d orbitals are found in the third energy level (n=3) and have a lower energy compared to the 4d orbitals, which are in the fourth energy level (n=4). The 4d orbitals are more complex in shape and have a higher energy due to their position in a higher principal energy level, leading to differences in electron distribution and chemical behavior.
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The greater the interaction between the metal and its ligands then the greater the energy of its d orbitals