In each reaction, identify the Brønsted–Lowry acid, the Brønsted–Lowry base, the conjugate acid, and the conjugate base. b. NH₃(aq) + H₂O(l) ⇌ NH₄⁺(aq) + OH^–(aq)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Identify the Brønsted–Lowry acid and base in the reactants: The Brønsted–Lowry acid is the species that donates a proton (H+), and the Brønsted–Lowry base is the species that accepts a proton.
2. In the reaction NH3(aq) + H2O(l) -> NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq), identify which species donates a proton and which accepts it.
3. Recognize that H2O donates a proton to NH3, making H2O the Brønsted–Lowry acid and NH3 the Brønsted–Lowry base.
4. Identify the conjugate acid and conjugate base in the products: The conjugate acid is formed when the base gains a proton, and the conjugate base is formed when the acid loses a proton.
5. In the products, NH4+ is the conjugate acid (formed from NH3), and OH- is the conjugate base (formed from H2O).

Key Concepts

Brønsted–Lowry Acid-Base Theory

The Brønsted–Lowry theory defines acids as proton donors and bases as proton acceptors. This framework allows for a broader understanding of acid-base reactions beyond just the presence of hydroxide ions or hydronium ions. In this context, identifying the roles of substances in a reaction involves determining which species donates a proton and which accepts it.

Conjugate Acid and Base

In the Brønsted–Lowry framework, a conjugate acid is formed when a base accepts a proton, while a conjugate base is what remains after an acid donates a proton. This relationship is crucial for understanding the dynamic nature of acid-base reactions, as it illustrates how substances can transform into different species depending on their interactions.

Equilibrium in Acid-Base Reactions

Acid-base reactions often reach a state of equilibrium, where the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal. This concept is important for predicting the direction of a reaction and understanding the relative strengths of acids and bases involved. In the given reaction, recognizing the equilibrium helps in identifying the predominant species present in solution.